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evident in English/Afrikaans codeswitching, as well as arguments for the reasons speakers engage in codeswitching. In terms of social motivations, the study found that English/Afrikaans codeswitching is influenced by situational and contextual factors. Codeswitching is associated with ingroup membership and allows speakers access to simultaneous roles and identities. In addition, codeswitching often signals changes in the tone or topic of a conversation and may be used to fill lexical or pragmatic gaps. Codes may also be switched as a means of expressing emotions, showing deference, and as a means of either accommodating an addressee or putting up a social barrier. The data also showed that, even within a talk show, speakers are able to assign roles and identities and are able to portray concepts of ‘self’ and ‘other’. In addition, the study concluded that codeswitching across English and Afrikaans is governed by a unique set of constraints as a number of constraints regarded as universal do not apply. Thus, speakers engaging in English/Afrikaans codeswitching, even within the context of a live radio talk show, are able to produce what they consider to be valid switches regardless of a number of constraints which would deem them unacceptable. November 2006 4
Declaration I declare that Grammatical Constraints and Motivations for English/Afrikaans Codeswitching: Evidence from a local radio talk show is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Diane Lesley Bowers November 2006 SIGNED: ……………………… 5
Page 1 and 2: GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
Page 3: Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Key words .......
Page 9 and 10: 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
Page 11 and 12: English is not the mother tongue of
Page 13 and 14: everyday communication. The nature
Page 15 and 16: While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56:
Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58:
However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
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The transcripts were then analyzed
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5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
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Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
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In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
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Unlike in English, when the past te
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similarity to that of Afrikaans due
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Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
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possessive. However, it appears as
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indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
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The following are examples from the
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Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
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In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
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the violation of this constraint, p
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nouns) are used. I have selected a
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What follows are a few switches to
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The next switch is the insertion of
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has chosen to split the phrase into
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The discourse suggests that the hos
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speaker’s close association with
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The next, and final, switch is to A
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of proceedings throughout the show.
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host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
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also of the ways in which language
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6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
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• While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110:
References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112:
Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114:
Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
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Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
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APPENDIX
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First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
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52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
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[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132:
201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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