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describes switching as a process whereby elements from an embedded language are inserted into the frame of the matrix language. 2.3 Perspectives on Codeswitching According to Eastman (1995), Blom and Gumperz (1972) were the first to draw a distinction between situational and metaphorical codeswitching. The former involves a change in participants, while the latter involves a change in topic. However, Eastman (1995: 5) proposes that Current thinking is that rather than being motivated automatically by extralinguistic factors (e.g. changes in participants, settings etc.), codeswitching occurs due to either macro-linguistic patterns of language use or individual choices in the interest of negotiating social class or status changes, or individual choices inspired by poetic or performance motives. In addition codeswitching may be attributed to political, economic and historical forces and can index social class consciousness as well as political and ethnic affiliations (Eastman, 1995). Thus, codeswitching can be attributed to a range of factors relating to individual and societal changes and should not be regarded merely as the result of participant or topic changes. 2.4 Social Motivations for Codeswitching Various social motivations for codeswitching have been identified by a variety of researchers, each studying codeswitching between different languages. Theories on codeswitching are often alike, but also vary in the sense that researchers have been challenging previous theories and expanding upon them as a result of their own findings. 34
In this section, I attempt to provide a number of views on the social and pragmatic functions that codeswitching may serve by presenting the views of several researchers in the order in which the studies have been conducted. Gumperz (1976) claims that there are specific functions related to codeswitching. These functions are related to the reasons speakers decide to switch between languages, as well as the ways in which switching assists speakers in carrying their meanings across. Gumperz (1976: 24) summarizes the functions as follows: 1. Quotations: codeswitched phrases may be identified either as direct quotations or as reported speech. 2. Addressee Specification: a switch may occur to direct the message to a particular addressee. 3. Interjections: switched phrases can be identified as interjections or sentence fillers. 4. Repetition: an utterance may be repeated in another code, so as to clarify or emphasize a message. 5. Message Qualification: switches may be identified as verb complements or as predicates following a copula. 6. Personalization versus Objectivization: relates to things like “the distinction between talk about action and talk as action. The degree of speaker involvement in, or distance from, a message, whether a statement reflects personal opinion or knowledge, refers to specific instances or whether it has the authority of a generally known fact.” Appel and Muysken (1987) proposed a functional model for codeswitching based on the work of Jakobson (1960) and Halliday (1964). This model suggests that codeswitching serves various functions in interactions between individuals. The referential function comes into play when speakers lack the knowledge to facilitate a conversation in one language. Also, when speakers feel that one of the languages they know is more appropriate for a certain topic, a switch may occur. In addition, a specific word from one of the languages involved may be semantically more appropriate for a given concept (Appel & Muysken, 1987). 35
Page 1 and 2: GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
Page 3 and 4: Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I declare that Grammati
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Key words .......
Page 9 and 10: 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
Page 11 and 12: English is not the mother tongue of
Page 13 and 14: everyday communication. The nature
Page 15 and 16: While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86:
nouns) are used. I have selected a
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What follows are a few switches to
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The next switch is the insertion of
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has chosen to split the phrase into
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The discourse suggests that the hos
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speaker’s close association with
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The next, and final, switch is to A
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of proceedings throughout the show.
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host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
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also of the ways in which language
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6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
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• While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110:
References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
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Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
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Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
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Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
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APPENDIX
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First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
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52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
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[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
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201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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