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Elision also occurs in Kaapse Afrikaans when the negating element, ‘nie’, is used. As opposed to Standard Afrikaans which places [ni] after the verb, Kaapse Afrikaans simply attaches [I] to the end of the verb. The following are typical examples. 13. Ek is nie (Standard Afrikaans) Ek is’ie. (Kaapse Afrikaans) I am not. 14. Ek kan nie (Standard Afrikaans) Ek kan’ie (Kaapse Afrikaans) I cannot These are all typical instances in which Standard Afrikaans and Kaapse Afrikaans differ in terms of pronunciation. To summarize these differences briefly, the omission of phonemes seems to act as a means of simplification or brevity. This characteristic is evident and common in many other languages, but, in this case, it could be due to the close relationship that Afrikaans has with English. This elision is common in both the standard and the non-standard variety. The only distinguishing characteristic between the two varieties is the lowering of the diphthong [Iə]. This vowel change is a characteristic that is only evident in the Afrikaans spoken on the Cape Flats and is not found in Standard Afrikaans. 1.8 Aims and Objectives for the Study The main aim of this study is to investigate the patterns and motivations behind codeswitching within the Cape Coloured community in relation to social or motivational theories on codeswitching, as well as the various grammatical constraints that have been proposed. The main purpose of this research is to uncover and analyze the motivations behind codeswitching in bilingual speech communities in Cape Town, while also 26
providing a strong argument that codeswitching patterns evident in their speech do not always correspond completely with constraints put forward by some researchers. The rationale behind this research is to explain why speakers engage in codeswitching, as well as to evaluate contextual and situational factors that play a role in encouraging speakers to switch languages. Deviation from the standard language often has a stigma attached to it because a good command of the standard variety is often associated with prestige, whereas non-standard forms may be associated with lower social status and lower educational levels. Using two languages in the same utterance often implies that speakers are not fully competent in one language and, therefore, compensate for their linguistic inability by switching to an alternate language. This, however, may not necessarily be the case as codeswitching is complex and speakers may, instead, require a good command of both languages in order for successful switching to take place. Through this research I aim to encourage a way of thinking that does not demean an individual’s linguistic ability because he or she engages in codeswitching. Instead, I would like to argue that codeswitching is a means of self expression and that it is not due to the inability to express oneself in a single language. It is my aim to demonstrate the reverse, arguing that, instead, codeswitching is used to add variety and flavour to communication by producing new phrases and forming a unique mixture of words when communicating. Further, I will argue that codeswitching is complex and that there are constraints on what may or may not be switched. Switching is not a matter of merely substituting a word or phrase from another language because not any phrase can be substituted anywhere. Gumperz (1976), Joshi (1985)(cited in Myers-Scotton, 1993b), Poplack (1990), Myers-Scotton (1993b), Muysken (1995) and many other researchers have shown that constraints do exist and that codeswitching does not take place randomly, but is governed by rules or constraints. Therefore, individuals hold a sort of grammatical framework which influences the ways in 27
Page 1 and 2: GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
Page 3 and 4: Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I declare that Grammati
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Key words .......
Page 9 and 10: 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
Page 11 and 12: English is not the mother tongue of
Page 13 and 14: everyday communication. The nature
Page 15 and 16: While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25: also instances in which they do not
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78:
The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80:
Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
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In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84:
the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86:
nouns) are used. I have selected a
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What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90:
The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92:
has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94:
The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96:
speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98:
The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100:
of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102:
host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
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also of the ways in which language
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6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
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• While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110:
References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112:
Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114:
Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116:
Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
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APPENDIX
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First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
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52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
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[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132:
201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
Page 135 and 136:
322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
Page 155 and 156:
975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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