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*I know that he the students sees. I know that he sees the students. Here the verb appears in final position in Afrikaans, while in English the object is in final position. In terms of yes-no questions, English relies on do-insertion to form a question, while Afrikaans constructs a question by placing the verb at the beginning of the question. A typical example would be: 7. Do you have a dog? 8. Het jy ‘n hond? While English relies on the insertion of ‘do’ to form a yes-no question, Afrikaans does not rely on the addition of any words, but rather adjusts the structure by placing the verb at the beginning of the utterance. In English, the verb is placed before its complement, while in Afrikaans the complement is preceded by its verb. The last important structural difference is that of negation. Afrikaans differs from English in that it uses a double negation, while English does not. The following is an example: 9. Ek kan nie sing nie. * I can not sing not. I cannot sing. Thus, while Afrikaans places the negation element ‘nie’ on either side of the verb, English only uses its negation element ‘not’, placing it after the verb. Therefore, while English and Afrikaans do share grammatical structures at times, there are 24
also instances in which they do not, and in which switching should not be an option. 1.7 Pronunciation Differences between Standard Afrikaans and Kaapse Afrikaans One of the main differences between Standard Afrikaans and Kaapse Afrikaans lies in pronunciation. As is the case with standard and non-standard linguistic varieties, the latter is usually not a written language and therefore differences between the two varieties emerge in the pronunciation of words. With Kaapse Afrikaans, phonemes are often shortened. This results in a change in vowel quality. For example, where Standard Afrikaans uses a diphthong, Kaapse Afrikaans uses a monophthong. A typical example is the Afrikaans verb, ‘weet’, which is pronounced [VIət] in Standard Afrikaans, but [VIt] in Kaapse Afrikaans. Kaapse Afrikaans, being the informal, colloquial variety, also displays elision as phonemes are often omitted. Elision often occurs when using the verb ‘to be’, the Afrikaans equivalent being ‘is’. In standard Afrikaans this is pronounced [əs], but in Kaapse Afrikaans, the phoneme [s] is simply attached to the end of the word preceding it. Typical examples are: 10. Daar is (Standard Afrikaans) Daar’s (Kaapse Afrikaans) 11. Sy is (Standard Afrikaans) Sy’s (Kaapse Afrikaans) 12. Hy is (Standard Afrikaans) Hy’s (Kaapse Afrikaans) 25
Page 1 and 2: GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
Page 3 and 4: Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I declare that Grammati
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Key words .......
Page 9 and 10: 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
Page 11 and 12: English is not the mother tongue of
Page 13 and 14: everyday communication. The nature
Page 15 and 16: While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76:
indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
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The following are examples from the
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Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
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In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84:
the violation of this constraint, p
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nouns) are used. I have selected a
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What follows are a few switches to
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The next switch is the insertion of
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has chosen to split the phrase into
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The discourse suggests that the hos
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speaker’s close association with
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The next, and final, switch is to A
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of proceedings throughout the show.
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host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
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also of the ways in which language
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6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
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• While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110:
References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112:
Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114:
Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116:
Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118:
APPENDIX
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First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
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52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
Page 123 and 124:
[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
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201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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