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mobility and the elite. The caller refers to his company car, conveying the impression that he is well-off and has a good job. Thus, using English amplifies the identity he wishes to portray. By using English fluently, he is able to convey the impression that he is educated, holds a good position within the company in which he is employed and should therefore be regarded as above average. The host responds to the caller in English, as is expected, showing consistency with the trend of responding in the language in which one is addressed. There are, however, a few switches to Afrikaans which can be accounted for in terms of social motivations. In turn 667, the host switches to Afrikaans, saying: “laat ek nou mooi verstaan.” Here he attempts to clarify some confusion and also to draw attention or shift the focus back to the topic at hand. Prior to this switch, the conversation had become a mixture of random Xhosa utterances. Thus, by switching to Afrikaans, the host is able to convey a serious tone, while also shifting the focus of the conversation back to the original topic. The next switch to Afrikaans, which occurs in the same turn, serves a phatic function as well (Appel & Muysken, 1987), as it allows the host to convey a humorous, but also sarcastic, tone. Ironically, the host uses the Afrikaans pronoun, ‘jy’, as opposed to the English, ‘you’. This implies that even though the caller speaks English only in an effort to distance himself from the average Kaapse Afrikaans speaker, the host still regards him as a member of the Cape Flats speech community (probably due to the accent with which he speaks English) and thus switches as a means of indexing the identity that he associates with the caller. In turn 669 the host switches to Afrikaans in order to change the tone yet again. By saying, “sê net jy ry in ‘n kar”, he is able to convey the humor that would not have been achieved with the English equivalent – “just say you drive a car.” The 100
host is being somewhat sarcastic, but is able to convey humour by switching to Afrikaans, thus preventing the caller from taking offence. It is also interesting to compare the host’s attitudes toward Caller 2 and Caller 13. Both callers appear to share a communal identity with the host, but their language use does not reflect this. Caller 2 speaks ‘suiwer’ Afrikaans, even though it is apparent that he is a member of the Cape Flats speech community. As a result, the host chooses to respond mainly in English. Caller 13, on the contrary, speaks English only even though he too is an Afrikaans mother-tongue speaker. The host responds to him in English as well, the only difference being that he does not do so as a means of putting up a social barrier as is the case with Caller 2. While the host clearly switches to English as a means of demonstrating social distance from Caller 2, he switches to English in response to Caller 13, as a result of taking the speaker’s preferences into account. It is important to note that the host would not have been able to communicate effectively in the same level of Afrikaans as that used by Caller 2. Also, had he chosen to respond to Caller 2 in Kaapse Afrikaans, it may have been regarded as disrespectful to the caller, who appears to be much older than the host himself. Thus, while he is putting up a social barrier due to the fact that he and the speaker do not share common ground (particularly with regard to language use), he is also displaying deference by communicating in a way that would not be interpreted as disrespectful to the older man. With caller 13, on the other hand, the host does appear to take the caller’s linguistic preference into account by communicating in the language of his choice. However, in this instance, he also attempts to show that regardless of the identity the caller wishes to portray, the two still share in-group membership. Thus, while he does respond mainly in English, he also switches to Afrikaans as a means of sarcastically implying that he is fully aware that he and the caller share in-group membership, despite the caller trying to portray another identity. In addition, by 101
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GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
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While researchers and sociolinguist
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language of the court, education, a
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This, then, makes it apparent why C
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have always been exposed simultaneo
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) I have eaten an apple. The past t
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also instances in which they do not
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providing a strong argument that co
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1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
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2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
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“…codeswitching is a form of bo
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In this section, I attempt to provi
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eferred to as RO) sets between part
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example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
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Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
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context in which the speaker finds
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3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
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codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
Page 123 and 124: [laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
Page 125 and 126: terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
Page 127 and 128: {So he got an sms back} to say, “
Page 129 and 130: then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132: 201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
Page 133 and 134: 258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
Page 135 and 136: 322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
Page 137 and 138: 376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
Page 139 and 140: a short while. Music followed by ad
Page 141 and 142: ecause … did I really say that, y
Page 143 and 144: speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
Page 145 and 146: 627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
Page 147 and 148: 699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
Page 149 and 150: when I say that you do not have a,
Page 151 and 152:
853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
Page 153 and 154:
for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
Page 155 and 156:
975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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