The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...
The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ... The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...
84 marina qavTaraZe, ekaterine buCukuri (saqarTvelo) polifoniisa da monofoniis urTierTmimarTebis problema qarTuli qalaquri folkloris magaliTze Cveni eris sulieri cxovreba ise viTardeboda, rom saukuneTa manZilze, sxvadasxva epoqaSi mWidro kontaqti da Sexebis wertilebi hqonda aRmosavlur da dasavlur samya– rosTan, romelTa musikaluri azrovnebis arqetipebi mkafiod ikveTeba qarTul erovnul kulturaSi. xSirad esTetikuri, literaturuli Tu musikaluri azris ganviTarebaSi Tavs iCens msgavsi movlenebi Tu modelebi, azrobrivi postulatebi Tu gamosaxvis saSualebebi, rasac `igiveobis esTetikidan~ momdinare kanonikurobisa da sxva mniSvnelovan mizezebTan erTad, urTierTgavlenac unda ganapirobebdes. moxsenebaSi ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens qarTuli qalaquri musikaluri kultura dasavluri da aRmosavluri arqetipebisa da istoriuli garemos urTierTobis procesSi. nebismieri qalaqi, maT Soris Tbilisic, garkveuli kulturis nayofia, magram, meore mxriv, Tavad qalaqi ganapirobebs kulturis xasiaTs. qalaqi qmnadi mTlianobaa, dafuZnebuli gansxvavebulobasa da interesTa mravalferovnebaze da ara iseTi erTianoba, romelic msgavsebasa da interesTa koleqtiur Tanxvedras emyareba (risi gamocdilebac sabWoTa peri– odma mogvca). Tbilisuri kulturis Sreebis analizisas gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi fena, ris– ganac yalibdeba urbanuli kultura: istoriulad arsebuli kulturis tradiciuli fena; 2. Tanamedrove, Tanadrouli kulturis fena; 3. kulturis seleqciuri fena; es ukanaskneli Tanamedrove-Tanadroulisa da istoriulad arsebulis, Camoyalibebulis mudmiv gadarCevas, miRebasa da uaryofas, Zvelisa da axlis urTierTdakavSirebas axdens da Tanaarsebobas ganapirobebs, ayalibebs ra urbanul konteqsts. es midgoma gansakuTrebiT sa– interesoa Cvens SemTxvevaSi, Tbilisis musikalur kulturasTan mimarTebaSi. Tbilisuri kultura ramdenime Sred nawevrdeba. es Sreebi dResac jer kidev cocxal realobas warmoadgens, Tbilisi miekuTvneba e. w. tipuri linearuli qalaqebis ricxvs, sa– dac axali kulturuli fena Zvels ki ar anadgurebs, aramed uSualod ebmis mas. swored amis gamo, Tbiliss aqvs ramdenime kulturuli centri. Tbilisuri kultura gamoirCeva Tavisi `polifoniuri~ xasiaTiT, rac niSnavs kulturebisa da subkulturebis ara ubralo Tana– arsebobas, aramed maT difuziasa da dialogs. Tbilisuri kultura, ra Tqma unda, erTi mxriv, qarTuli kulturis nawilia, magram, meore mxriv, esaa multikulturuli fenomeni, sadac mravali sxvadasxva kultura erwymis erTmaneTs (qavTaraZe, 2010: 64-72). mag., multi– kulturuli hibridizmis fenomenia Tbilisis aSuRuri poezia da musika. stiluri specifikisa da musikaluri struqturis mxriv qalaquri folkloruli musika da poezia ori polusis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli da or ZiriTad nakads _ aRmosavlursa da dasavlurs moicavs. Sesabamisad, qalaquri musikaluri xelovnebis nimuSebi diferenci– rebulia polaruli stilistur-mxatvruli elementebis matarebel or jgufad. maTgan aRmo– savlur ganStoebas, fesvebi Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli saqarTvelos istoriul warsulSi da Ta–
polifoniisa da monofoniis urTierTmimarTebis problema qarTuli qalaquri folkloris magaliTze visi ieriT enaTesaveba aRmosavleTis qveynebis xalxTa musikas. Ddasavlurs SedarebiT xan– mokle istoria aqvs; XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi aristokratiuli, baris soflis da saek– lesio sasuliero kulturebis safuZvelze yalibdeba qarTuli nacionaluri kultura. am konteqstSi, `Tergdaleulebis~ TvalTaxedviT, XIX saukune, garkveulwilad, esaa `tf(Tb) ilisuri~ anu `mdabio~ da qarTuli anu `maRali~ kulturebis dapirispirebisa da dualizmis saukune. orbelianis leqsSi `poets~ swored es dapirispirebaa naCvenebi `me ar miyvars kilo muxambazisa, kintoT kilo, / kilo Sua-bazrisa...~ maSasadame, tf(Tb)ilisur kulturas _ `mu– xambazis kilos~ _ upirispirdeba rusTavelis kilo, romelic qarTul kulturas aRniSnavs (me momeci kilo rusTavelisa, / gafurCvnili, viT yvavili velisa...). am gadasaxedidan, XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis TbilisSi ukve arsebobs minimum oTxi kultura: `imperiuli~ rusuli, evropuli (rogorc zogadad `dasavluris~, ise evropuli subkulturebis saxiT), `tfilisuri~ da qarTuli. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, Tu rogor icvleba Tbilisis funqcia da misdami damokidebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. sakuTriv `Zveli tfilisuri kultura~ aris is, rac ase dawvrilebiT aRwera ioseb griSaSvilma Ta– vis Zveli Tbilisis literaturul bohemaSi (griSaSvili, 1963) da romelic ukve XX sauku– nis 20-iani wlebisaTvis `arqaulsa~ da `egzotikur~ fenomens warmoadgenda. aqve unda aRi– niSnos, rom `tfilisuri kultura~, Tavis mxriv, religiuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT ramdenime subkulturad iyofa. esenia _ somxuri, islamuri, iudaistur-ebrauli, asiriuli, ieziduri da a.S. subkulturebi. TbilisSi saukuneebis manZilze qarTvelebTan erTad Tanacxovrobdnen sxvadasxva erovnebisa da konfesiis adamianebi (somxebi, azerbaijanlebi, ebraelebi, rusebi, osebi, qurTebi, berZnebi, ukrainelebi, germanelebi da sxv.) da qmnidnen Tbilisur multikul– turul atmosferos, sadac istoriulad `Tavisi~ da `sxvisi~ problema arasodes gamwvave– bula (buCukuri, 2001: 84). Qqalaqis specifikas warmoadgens eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sirTule soflis mosaxleo– basTan SedarebiT. is warmoadgens ufro rTul konglomerats, sadac mainc sWarbobs is eTnikuri birTvi, saidanac Camoyalibda qalaqi da romelic axdens mosulis asimilacias. am TvalsazrisiT, Tbilisi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rogorc internacionaluri qalaqi. Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikuri siWrele, aq mcxovrebTa erovnuli Taviseburebani maT mu– sikalur kulturaSic da, kerZod, xalxur sakravebsa da maTi yofaSi gamoyenebis tradici– ebSi aisaxa. am mxriv, Tbilisis musikaluri kultura Zalze mniSvnelovania; mxatvrulad damouki– debeli es plasti sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciis sinTezis Sedegad aRmocenda da XX saukunemde ZiriTadad or ganStoebad moaRwia _ aRmosavluri monofoniuri (monodiuri) qalaquri da dasavluri polifoniuri (mravalxmiani) qalaquri folkloris saxiT. zemoT dasaxelebul ganStoebaTa genetikur-mxatvruli niSanTvisebani mkveTrad urTierT– gansxvavebulia. amdenad, maTi ganxilvac erTmaneTisagan gamijnulad, istoriuli dinamikis WrilSi unda moxdes. islamuri aRmosavleTis kulturis gavlena, rogorc Cans, yvelaze metad Cveni mxatvru– li Semoqmedebis saero nakadSi aSkaravdeba. gasaTvaliswinebeli aq isaa, rom islamur xelo– vnebaSi gamorCeulad batonobs saero nakadi _ es xelovneba naklebad qmnis wminda religiur nawarmoebebs da TviT religiuric, arsebiTad, saero samosiT aris warmodgenili (amis na– Teli magaliTia sufiuri lirika) (buCukuri, 2006: 5). 85
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polif<strong>on</strong>iisa da m<strong>on</strong>of<strong>on</strong>iis urTierTmimarTebis problema<br />
qarTuli qalaquri folkloris magaliTze<br />
visi ieriT enaTesaveba aRmosavleTis qveynebis xalxTa musikas. Ddasavlurs SedarebiT xan–<br />
mokle istoria aqvs; XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi aristokratiuli, baris soflis da saek–<br />
lesio sasuliero kulturebis safuZvelze yalibdeba qarTuli naci<strong>on</strong>aluri kultura. am<br />
k<strong>on</strong>teqstSi, `Tergdaleulebis~ TvalTaxedviT, XIX saukune, garkveulwilad, esaa `tf(Tb)<br />
ilisuri~ anu `mdabio~ da qarTuli anu `maRali~ kulturebis dapirispirebisa da dualizmis<br />
saukune. orbelianis leqsSi `poets~ swored es dapirispirebaa naCvenebi `me ar miyvars kilo<br />
muxambazisa, kintoT kilo, / kilo Sua-bazrisa...~ maSasadame, tf(Tb)ilisur kulturas _ `mu–<br />
xambazis kilos~ _ upirispirdeba rusTavelis kilo, romelic qarTul kulturas aRniSnavs<br />
(me momeci kilo rusTavelisa, / gafurCvnili, viT yvavili velisa...).<br />
am gadasaxedidan, XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis TbilisSi ukve arsebobs minimum oTxi<br />
kultura: `imperiuli~ rusuli, evropuli (rogorc zogadad `dasavluris~, ise evropuli<br />
subkulturebis saxiT), `tfilisuri~ da qarTuli. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, Tu<br />
rogor icvleba Tbilisis funqcia da misdami damokidebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. sakuTriv<br />
`Zveli tfilisuri kultura~ aris is, rac ase dawvrilebiT aRwera ioseb griSaSvilma Ta–<br />
vis Zveli Tbilisis literaturul bohemaSi (griSaSvili, 1963) da romelic ukve XX sauku–<br />
nis 20-iani wlebisaTvis `arqaulsa~ da `egzotikur~ fenomens warmoadgenda. aqve unda aRi–<br />
niSnos, rom `tfilisuri kultura~, Tavis mxriv, religiuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT ramdenime<br />
subkulturad iyofa. esenia _ somxuri, islamuri, iudaistur-ebrauli, asiriuli, ieziduri<br />
da a.S. subkulturebi. TbilisSi saukuneebis manZilze qarTvelebTan erTad Tanacxovrobdnen<br />
sxvadasxva erovnebisa da k<strong>on</strong>fesiis adamianebi (somxebi, azerbaijanlebi, ebraelebi, rusebi,<br />
osebi, qurTebi, berZnebi, ukrainelebi, germanelebi da sxv.) da qmnidnen Tbilisur multikul–<br />
turul atmosferos, sadac istoriulad `Tavisi~ da `sxvisi~ problema arasodes gamwvave–<br />
bula (buCukuri, 2001: 84).<br />
Qqalaqis specifikas warmoadgens eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sirTule soflis mosaxleo–<br />
basTan SedarebiT. is warmoadgens ufro rTul k<strong>on</strong>glomerats, sadac mainc sWarbobs is<br />
eTnikuri birTvi, saidanac Camoyalibda qalaqi da romelic axdens mosulis asimilacias.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, Tbilisi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rogorc internaci<strong>on</strong>aluri qalaqi.<br />
Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikuri siWrele, aq mcxovrebTa erovnuli Taviseburebani maT mu–<br />
sikalur kulturaSic da, kerZod, xalxur sakravebsa da maTi yofaSi gamoyenebis tradici–<br />
ebSi aisaxa.<br />
am mxriv, Tbilisis musikaluri kultura Zalze mniSvnelovania; mxatvrulad damouki–<br />
debeli es plasti sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciis sinTezis Sedegad aRmocenda da XX<br />
saukunemde ZiriTadad or ganStoebad moaRwia _ aRmosavluri m<strong>on</strong>of<strong>on</strong>iuri (m<strong>on</strong>odiuri)<br />
qalaquri da dasavluri polif<strong>on</strong>iuri (mravalxmiani) qalaquri folkloris saxiT.<br />
zemoT dasaxelebul ganStoebaTa genetikur-mxatvruli niSanTvisebani mkveTrad urTierT–<br />
gansxvavebulia. amdenad, maTi ganxilvac erTmaneTisagan gamijnulad, istoriuli dinamikis<br />
WrilSi unda moxdes.<br />
islamuri aRmosavleTis kulturis gavlena, rogorc Cans, yvelaze metad Cveni mxatvru–<br />
li Semoqmedebis saero nakadSi aSkaravdeba. gasaTvaliswinebeli aq isaa, rom islamur xelo–<br />
vnebaSi gamorCeulad bat<strong>on</strong>obs saero nakadi _ es xelovneba naklebad qmnis wminda religiur<br />
nawarmoebebs da TviT religiuric, arsebiTad, saero samosiT aris warmodgenili (amis na–<br />
Teli magaliTia sufiuri lirika) (buCukuri, 2006: 5).<br />
85
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