The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...
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The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...

The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ... The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...

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378 ekaterine oniani galobaSic sWarbobs kompleqsuri mravalxmianoba kvintebisa da oqtavebis xSiri paralelizmiT 2 . vfiqrobT, polifoniurad moazrovne erSi aseTi gamosavali moiZebna _ acnobierebs ra imas, rom erTxmianoba rwmenaSi erTianobis simbolo da am erTobis gamoxatvis miRebuli formaa, mra– valxmianobis formebidan irCevs paralelur xmaTasvlas, romelic principulad ar cvlis mo– nodiis arss. mTavari kanonikuri hangi ki ar daikarga, aramed piriqiT, swored igi gaZlierda, rameTu xmaTasvlis intervalad arCeulia kvinta da oqtava _ sruli konsonansebi, romelTa fu– Zemwvervali areklavs erTmaneTs da axdens dublirebas _ kanonikuri hangi JRers sxvadasxva si– maRleze da moicavs mTel sivrces (mag. 1). meores mxriv, am gziT monodiuri galoba gamraval– xmovanda da moTavsda eris musikalur-esTetikuri azrovnebis normebSi. amrigad, ganxorciel– da mravalxmianoba erTxmianobaSi. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul galobaSi unisonuroba miiRweva ufro mniSvnelovan _ sityvis doneze. galobaSi, rogorc locvaSi, mTavaria sityva, sityva ki qarTul galobaSi, unisonurad warmoiTqmis. yvelaze ganviTarebuli xmaTasvlis,urTu– lesi melodiuri xveulebis drosac ki samive xma locvis teqsts erTdroulad warmoTqvams da erTiTa piriTa da erTiTa guliTa adidebs ufals (mag. 2). dReisaTvis, realurad, aRarc sxva adgilobrivi marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis (berZnu– li, an rusuli) galobaa calsaxad unisonuri. eklesiam Seiwynara mravalxmiani galobac, vinaidan kanonikuri hangi ar dakargula da danarCeni xmebi SesabamisobaSi movida masTan. rusuli saRvTismsaxuro galobis mkvlevari i. a. gardneri aRniSnavs, rom dakanonebuli melodiis mravalxmiani Sesruleba SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT tipikonur galobas, vinaidan `am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara Tavisufal kompoziciasTan, an kanonikuri hangis mxatvrul damuSavebasTan, aramed mis TanxlebasTan~ (Гарднер, 1998: 118-119). aseTive `Tanmxlebis~ funqcia SeiTavsa berZnul galobaSi burdonulma xmam (isoni). msgavs movlenas hqonda adgili qarTul galobaSic _ kanonikur hangis matarebel mTqmels Seewyo moZaxili da bani. zogierT wyaro– Si orive xma saxeldebulia banad _ maRali bani da dabali bani, xolo, iv javaxiSvilis miTiTebiT: `Tavdapirvelad bani... imdenad garkveuli xmis saxeli ar iyo, ramdenadac zoga– dad Sebanebis, xmaTa Sewyobis gamomxatveli yofila~ (javaxiSvili, 1990: 286). da Tu rusul da berZnul eklesiaSi Tanmxlebi xmebiT galoba kanonikuradaa aRiarebuli, aseve kanoni– kurad vaRiarebT qarTul mravalxmian galobas. qarTuli galobis Semdgomi ganviTareba, iseve, rogorc sxva adgilobriv saeklesio tradiciaSi, galobis gamSvenebis gziT warimarTa. qarTuli galobis swavlebis safexurebi: saswavlebeli xmebi, sada kilo, gamSvenebuli galoba, d. SuRliaSvilis miTiTebiT, galobis ganviTarebis etapebsac aRniSnavs da samive etapze qarTuli galoba paralelizmis princips inarCunebs (SuRliaSvili, 2001: 105). Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom paralelizmis intervalad marto kvinta da oqtava ar moiazreba, mniSvnelovani wili ekuTvnis zeda or xmaSi terciebis paralelizms, magram am SemTxvevaSic paralelizmis igive principi moqmedebs _ garTulebuli erTxmianoba, an umartivesi mravalxmianoba. sagulisxmoa isic, rom qarTuli genis poli– foniuri azrovneba didxans ver Seegueboda Tundac `gamravalxmovanebul~ monodias. para– leluri xmaTasvlis aSkara prioritetis miuxedavad ar moiZebneba sagalobeli Tavidan bo– lomde am formiT agebuli. cxadia Semdgomi ganviTareba paralelizmisgan Tavdaxsnisken iyo mimarTuli. Tavis rols TamaSobs galobis gamSvenebis procesic, romelic mTavari RerZis damxmare bgerebiT Selamazebas gulisxmobs da TavisTavad moiyolebs polifoniis sxvada– sxva saxeebs, Tumca, mTavari hangis `monodiurobisa~ da gamsxvilebis principi am SemTxveva–

qarTuli galobis mravalxmianobis sakiTxisaTvis 379 Sic ZalaSi rCeba, ara mxolod paralelizmis gziT, aramed xmaTasvlis sxva saxeebiTac (iri– bi, sapirispiro xmaTa moZraoba). am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kidura xmebis urTier– Toba, rodesac bani mTavari hangis bazisuri bgerebis dublirebas axdens 5 da 8-iT (mag. 3). rogorc aRvniSneT, galobis ganviTareba, yvela sagalobo tradiciaSi, gamSvenebis gziT warimarTa. cnobilia, rom XII-XIII saukuneebSi ruseTSi arsebobda virtuozul-melizmatikuri stilis e.w. kondakuri galoba, romlis dasafiqsireblad kondakebSi iyenebdnen specialur orxazian notacias. rusuli kondakarebis pirvelwyaros warmoadgens bizantiuri fsal– tikoni _ melizmatikur-virtuozuli himnebis krebuli, gankuTvnili solistebisTvis. e.i. bi– zantiaSi kidev ufro adreuli saukuneebidan gavrcelebuli iyo galobis virtuozul-meliz– matikuri stili imdenad, rom Seqmnili iyo misi specialuri krebulebic. XIV saukunidan ki bizantiaSi mkvidrdeba gansakuTrebuli virtuozuli kalofonuri galoba, romlis stilu– ri maxasiaTebeli swored xmis usityvo xangrZliv trialSi gamoixateba. kalofonuri, anu, sityva-sityviT, mSvenierad xmovani galobis pirdapir analogs qarTuli gamSvenebuli, an ga– varjiSebuli (eqvTime kereseliZesTan _ gavardiSebuli) galoba warmoadgens. am analogias xazs usvams qarTul da bizantiur wyaroebSi amgvari stilis sagaloblebis hangis da– fiqsirebis xerxebis identuroba. bizantiuri kalofonuri galobis CanawerebSi Cveuli me– Todia sityvebSi damatebiTi fonemebis, an uSinaarso kompozitebis Casma, rac swored hangis xangrZliv gamRerebas Seesabameba. zustad aseTive meTods vxvdebiT XVIII-XIX saukuneebis qarTul sagalobo xelnawerebSi (umTavresad gurul-imeruli warmoSobis, anu im regionis da im periodis wyaroebSi, sadac galobis gamSvenebam umaRles ostatobas miaRwia). hangis gamSveneba erTnair esTetikur kategorias warmoadgens yvela kulkulturaSi, mag– ram, gansxvavebiT monodiuri bizantiuri galobisagan, romlis burdonuli isoni ar abrko– lebs melodiis intensiur ganviTarebas horizontalSi, qarTuli polifoniuri galobis gamS– venebaSi, horizontalTan erTad, sxva parametric erTveba _ vertikali. xmebis horizontaluri ganviTareba ramdenadme SezRudulia da kompensirdeba vertikalSi. polifoniur galobaSi gamSvenebis intensivoba gadanawilebulia xmebs Soris. usityvo gamRerebaSi xmaTa Tanabar datvirTvas adasturebs nevmebiT da notebiT Cawerili Sesabamisi sagaloblebis Sedareba. rogorc aRvniSneT, gamSvenebis gamosaxatavad sagalobelTa manuskriptebSi gamoyene– bulia mravalricxovani CarTuli fonemebi. isini marcvlis gamRerebas gamoxataven da, udavod, metrul-ritmul funqciasac iTavseben. tradiciulad, samusiko niSnebiT Cawerilia sagalob– lis mTavari hangi, aqedan gamomdinare, CarTuli fonemebic, erTi SexedviT, I xmas miekuTvneba. sanoto nimuSebTan Sedarebisas ki araerTgvarovani suraTi ixateba, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom CarTuli fonemebis arsi ase erTmniSvnelovnad ar unda ganvixiloT. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac nevmirebul nimuSebSi, CarTuli fonemebis Sesabamis adgilas, sanoto Canaweris I xmaSi SeCerebaa didi grZliobis notze, meore xma ki am dros, marcvals amRerebs, Semdgom ki dat– virTva isev pirvel xmaze gadadis. aseT SemTxvevebSi CarTuli fonemebi, garkveulwilad, ukve meore xmis gamSvenebaze mianiSneben da vfiqrobT, grZliobis funqciasac asruleben, anu aCveneben moZaxils I xmis grZliobas da miuTiTeben, ra droiT SeuZlia gamRereba. sxva SemTxvevaSi, konkretul adgilas, marcvali samive xmaSi gamRerebulia, Tumca mTqmeli, moZaxilTan SedarebiT, naklebad moZravia. amdenad, saxezea gamSvenebis intensivobis gadanawileba xmebs Soris (mag. 4 a, b). amrigad, qarTul polifoniur galobaSi xmaTa koordinacia xdeba vertikalSi, rac ar aZlevs xmebs intensiuri horizontaluri ganviTarebis saSualebas. vfiqrobT, rom qarTuli

378<br />

ekaterine <strong>on</strong>iani<br />

galobaSic sWarbobs kompleqsuri mravalxmianoba kvintebisa da oqtavebis xSiri paralelizmiT 2 .<br />

vfiqrobT, polif<strong>on</strong>iurad moazrovne erSi aseTi gamosavali moiZebna _ acnobierebs ra imas, rom<br />

erTxmianoba rwmenaSi erTianobis simbolo da am erTobis gamoxatvis miRebuli formaa, mra–<br />

valxmianobis formebidan irCevs paralelur xmaTasvlas, romelic principulad ar cvlis mo–<br />

nodiis arss. mTavari kan<strong>on</strong>ikuri hangi ki ar daikarga, aramed piriqiT, swored igi gaZlierda,<br />

rameTu xmaTasvlis intervalad arCeulia kvinta da oqtava _ sruli k<strong>on</strong>s<strong>on</strong>ansebi, romelTa fu–<br />

Zemwvervali areklavs erTmaneTs da axdens dublirebas _ kan<strong>on</strong>ikuri hangi JRers sxvadasxva si–<br />

maRleze da moicavs mTel sivrces (mag. 1). meores mxriv, am gziT m<strong>on</strong>odiuri galoba gamraval–<br />

xmovanda da moTavsda eris musikalur-esTetikuri azrovnebis normebSi. amrigad, ganxorciel–<br />

da mravalxmianoba erTxmianobaSi. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul galobaSi unis<strong>on</strong>uroba<br />

miiRweva ufro mniSvnelovan _ sityvis d<strong>on</strong>eze. galobaSi, rogorc locvaSi, mTavaria sityva,<br />

sityva ki qarTul galobaSi, unis<strong>on</strong>urad warmoiTqmis. yvelaze ganviTarebuli xmaTasvlis,urTu–<br />

lesi melodiuri xveulebis drosac ki samive xma locvis teqsts erTdroulad warmoTqvams da<br />

erTiTa piriTa da erTiTa guliTa adidebs ufals (mag. 2).<br />

dReisaTvis, realurad, aRarc sxva adgilobrivi marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis (berZnu–<br />

li, an rusuli) galobaa calsaxad unis<strong>on</strong>uri. eklesiam Seiwynara mravalxmiani galobac,<br />

vinaidan kan<strong>on</strong>ikuri hangi ar dakargula da danarCeni xmebi SesabamisobaSi movida masTan.<br />

rusuli saRvTismsaxuro galobis mkvlevari i. a. gardneri aRniSnavs, rom dakan<strong>on</strong>ebuli<br />

melodiis mravalxmiani Sesruleba SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT tipik<strong>on</strong>ur galobas, vinaidan `am<br />

SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara Tavisufal kompoziciasTan, an kan<strong>on</strong>ikuri hangis mxatvrul<br />

damuSavebasTan, aramed mis TanxlebasTan~ (Гарднер, 1998: 118-119). aseTive `Tanmxlebis~ funqcia<br />

SeiTavsa berZnul galobaSi burd<strong>on</strong>ulma xmam (is<strong>on</strong>i). msgavs movlenas hq<strong>on</strong>da adgili qarTul<br />

galobaSic _ kan<strong>on</strong>ikur hangis matarebel mTqmels Seewyo moZaxili da bani. zogierT wyaro–<br />

Si orive xma saxeldebulia banad _ maRali bani da dabali bani, xolo, iv javaxiSvilis<br />

miTiTebiT: `Tavdapirvelad bani... imdenad garkveuli xmis saxeli ar iyo, ramdenadac zoga–<br />

dad Sebanebis, xmaTa Sewyobis gamomxatveli yofila~ (javaxiSvili, 1990: 286). da Tu rusul<br />

da berZnul eklesiaSi Tanmxlebi xmebiT galoba kan<strong>on</strong>ikuradaa aRiarebuli, aseve kan<strong>on</strong>i–<br />

kurad vaRiarebT qarTul mravalxmian galobas.<br />

qarTuli galobis Semdgomi ganviTareba, iseve, rogorc sxva adgilobriv saeklesio<br />

tradiciaSi, galobis gamSvenebis gziT warimarTa. qarTuli galobis swavlebis safexurebi:<br />

saswavlebeli xmebi, sada kilo, gamSvenebuli galoba, d. SuRliaSvilis miTiTebiT, galobis<br />

ganviTarebis etapebsac aRniSnavs da samive etapze qarTuli galoba paralelizmis princips<br />

inarCunebs (SuRliaSvili, 2001: 105). Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom paralelizmis intervalad<br />

marto kvinta da oqtava ar moiazreba, mniSvnelovani wili ekuTvnis zeda or xmaSi terciebis<br />

paralelizms, magram am SemTxvevaSic paralelizmis igive principi moqmedebs _ garTulebuli<br />

erTxmianoba, an umartivesi mravalxmianoba. sagulisxmoa isic, rom qarTuli genis poli–<br />

f<strong>on</strong>iuri azrovneba didxans ver Seegueboda Tundac `gamravalxmovanebul~ m<strong>on</strong>odias. para–<br />

leluri xmaTasvlis aSkara prioritetis miuxedavad ar moiZebneba sagalobeli Tavidan bo–<br />

lomde am formiT agebuli. cxadia Semdgomi ganviTareba paralelizmisgan Tavdaxsnisken iyo<br />

mimarTuli. Tavis rols TamaSobs galobis gamSvenebis procesic, romelic mTavari RerZis<br />

damxmare bgerebiT Selamazebas gulisxmobs da TavisTavad moiyolebs polif<strong>on</strong>iis sxvada–<br />

sxva saxeebs, Tumca, mTavari hangis `m<strong>on</strong>odiurobisa~ da gamsxvilebis principi am SemTxveva–

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