The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...
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The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ... The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...

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350 ana piotrovska ungreTSi boSa musikosebis tradicias grZeli istoria aqvs. 1489 wels budasTan ax– los boSa musikosebis arseboba dokumenturad dasturdeba (Kertesz-Wilkinson, 2001: 614). XVIII saukunis bolos, rodesac boSuri kulturis Seswavla popularuli gaxda, avtorebi, Ziri– Tadad, yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen maT warmomavlobaze, tradiciebze, enaze da a. S. amasTan, aRiniSneboda boSebis araCveulebrivi musikalurobac da, rogorc wesi, magaliTad swored ungreli boSebi mohyavdaT. 1787 wels h. grelmani (H. Grellman) werda boSa barna mihalis (Barna Mihaly) Sesaxeb, romelic cnobili iyo, rogorc magiari orfevsi (Magyar Orpheus) (Grellman, 1810: 111). rogorc Cans, erT-erTi ucnobilesi boSa mevioline iyo ianos bihari (Janos Bihari, 1764- 1825 an 1827), romelic sakuTar orkestrsac xelmZRvanelobda. boSuri orkestrebi ungreli didgvarovnebis cxovrebis stilis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. sazogado Tu specialur Sek– rebebze, Sexvedrebsa Tu mejlisebze musikalur Tanxlebas, TiTqmis yovelTvis, boSebi as– rulebdnen. 1846 wels heqtor berliozi (misi ungreTSi vizitis dros) Tavis das, nensis swerda, rom `SesaniSnav ungrul mejlisebze, sadac mowveulni arian keTilSobili ung– relebi, sruldeboda mxolod erovnuli cekvebi erovnul musikalur Temebze, romlebsac asrulebda zingari~ (Berlioz, 1978). rodesac ungreTSi dabadebuli listi, rogorc cnobili da virtuozi pianisti 1839 wels mSobliur qveyanas ewvia, igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom is musika, romelsac boSebi asrulebdnen, WeSmaritad boSuri iyo. listisaTvis boSebi maT mier Sesrulebuli musikis namdvili Semoqmedni iyvnen. kompozitors Zalian uyvarda boSa musikosebi da aRfrTovanebuli iyo maTi SesrulebiT, teqnikuri SesaZleblobebiTa da imp– rovizaciis unariT. listma, albaT, icoda, rom boSebi, iseve rogorc ebraelebi, XIX saukunis evropaSi aRiqmebodnen, rogorc `gansxvavebulebi~. aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia, ratom gaxda maTi musika msjelobis sagani da moxvda xangrZlivi kamaTis orbitaSi. listze udidesi gavlena moaxdina rusos keTilSobili veluris (noble savage) koncefciam, romlis personifikaciac man swored boSebSi ipova. rusosTvis veluri adamiani bunebis qmnileba, bunebriv garemoSi binadrobis Sedegi iyo da ganixilavda mas, rogorc individualursa da Tavisufals. am daxasiaTebis Tanaxmad, boSebis listiseuli interpretacia gulisxmobda, rom isini iyvnen `daxvewilebi, vinaidan arian Zlierebi, bunebis saswauliT Seqmnilebi~ (Murphy, 2001: 20). listis wignma warmoaCina naklebadganviTarebuli erebisaTvis evropis kulturis kon– teqstSi adgilis miCenis kolonialuri tendenciac. miuxedavad imisa, rom Seswavlis obieqti boSuri musika iyo, arc avtori, da arc am kvlevis auditoria, boSebi ar iyvnen. gamocemis Semdeg, listis wignma mosazrebaTa araerTmniSvnelovaneba da emociebis gaRviveba gamoiwvia. sazogadoebas boSebze ukve Camouyalibda sakmaod myari asociaciebi, romlebic qmnidnen maT– ze warmodgenas, rogorc Tavisufal, damoukidebel xalxze, Tumca, aseve arsebobda sakma– od myari stereotipic, dakavSirebuli maTi bunebis aSkarad uaryofiT mxareebTan. boSebs bavSvebis gatacebas, qurdobas, arakeTilsindisier vaWrobas (umTavresad cxenebiT) miawerd– nen. miuxedavad amisa, XIX saukuneSi gavrcelebuli azriT, uzneo saqcielis boSebi aRiare– bulni iyvnen maRali donis musikosebad, romelTa gansakuTrebuli niWi improvizaciaSi vlindeboda. arsebobda mosazreba, rom boSuri improvizacia, romelic viTardeboda melan– qoliisa da sixarulis polusebs Soris, asaxavda maTi tanjuli sulis arss. ise moxda, rom Zalian male, listis mSobliur ungreTSi vizitisa da iq boSuri musikis axlad aRmoCenis Semdgom (is jer kidev patara biWuna iyo rodesac boSuri musika pirve–

e. w. boSuri musikis idea da improvizaciis problema 351 lad gaicno), misi, rogorc evropaSi cnobili musikos-Semsruleblis socialuri roli garkveulwilad Seicvala. aqamde (Cveulebriv) pianisti an mevioline, romelic Tavs iwo– nebda sakuTari araCveulebrivi, TiTqmis unikaluri monacemebiT, igi aRiarebuli iyo vir– tuozad, Tavisi improvizaciiT pasuxobda auditoriis moTxovnebs, romlisganac sanacvlod aRfrTovanebas iRebda. mark pinCerlem (Marc Pincherle) aRniSna, rom `improvizacia gulisxmobda xelis simarjvis ganviTarebas, ganuwyvetel swrafvas axali virtuozuli xerxebis povni– saken~ (Pincherle, 1949: 237). virtuozebs, rogorc marjve Semsruleblebs, romlebic cdilobd– nen instrumentis flobis mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri CvenebiT moegoT au– ditoriis guli, SeeZloT gavlena moexdinaT sakuTari auditoriis formirebasa da gazr– daze. umTavresad isini amas axerxebdnen auditoriis `ayvanis~ araCveulebrivi unariT. aseTi virtuozulobis winaamdeg brZola 1840-ian wlebSi daiwyo (Gooley, 2006: 76). amasTan, `es brZola ar iyo arc centralizebuli da arc didad gacnobierebuli~ (Gooley, 2006: 77). virtuozulobis TandaTanobiTi gaqrobis procesis kompleqsuri mizezi, sxvasTan erTad, dakavSirebuli iyo dasavlur musikalur xelovnebaSi misi rolis SemcirebasTan. amasTan erTad, 1860-ian wlebSi daiwyo Semoqmedebis romantikul ideaze, rogorc saCuqarze, war– modgenis mecnieruli Seswavla. Semoqmedebis saidumloeba, rogorc spontanuri da faruli, racionalurad auxsnili fenomeni, sxvebTan erTad ser francis galtonis (Francis Galton) mier ganimarta, rogorc `memkvidreobiTi genia~ (Kutschke, 1999: 151). virtuozuli praqtikisa da improvizaciulobis popularobis Semcireba erTmaneTs da– emTxva. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukunis evropis sakoncerto cxovrebidan virtu– ozuli improvizaciis xerxebis TandaTanobiTi gaqrobis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda musikalurad ganaTlebul inteleqtualebSi stabilurad, Tumca gaucnobiereblad mzardi rwmena, rom musikis improvizaciuloba naklebad ganviTarebuli kulturebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. ori– entuli musikaluri tradiciebis Seswavlis Sedegad (Bohlman, 1987: 150) (gansakuTrebiT napo– leonis omebis Semdeg) zogadi warmodgena Seiqmna e. w. pirvelyofil kulturebSi (ierar– qiul struqturaSi) gavrcelebuli improvizaciuli praqtikis Sesaxeb. improvizacias miiC– nevdnen gadaxrad evropuli musikis esTetikuri da kompoziciuri normebidan. aseTive azri gavrcelebuli iyo XX saukunis mravali mecnieris SromebSic. maT Sorisaa ernst ferandi (Ernst Ferand), romelmac 1938 wels dawera wigni `improvizacia musikaSi~ (Ferand, Die Improvisation in der Musik, pirvelad gamoica ciurixSi). amrigad, XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan yuradReba maxvildeboda imaze, rom improvizacia, sadac Semqmneli da Semsrulebeli erTi da igive pirovnebaa, aris movlena, romelic evropul kulturas (boSuri musikis CaTvliT) ar mie– kuTvneba (Nettl, 1974: 2). Sesabamisad, improvizaciuloba, robin muris dakvirvebiT, aRiqmeboda rogorc `miuRebeli, ucxo an uintereso ram~ (Moore, 1992: 63). boSur musikas veluri war– moSobis movlenad aRiqvamdnen. XIX saukunis bolos, roca pirvelyofil musikaze werda, rihard valaSekma Tavis wignSi CarTo boSebic, rogorc evropaSi pirvelyofili musikis warmomadgenlebi (Wallaschek, 1970: 62). improvizaciulobis Semdgomi dacema ganpirobebuli iyo im cvlilebebiT, romlebic moxda, erTi mxriv, musikis Sesrulebis koncefciaSi, xolo, meore mxriv _ pedagogikaSi (Moore, 1992: 68-80). Tumca, orive mizezi im evoluciis Sedegi iyo, romelmac XIX saukuneSi musika profesionalebis da ara diletantebisa da moyvarulebis saqmed aqcia, rogorc es manamde iyo. moyvarul musikosTa muzicirebis Zveli tradicia emyareboda improvizaciulobas: es

e. w. boSuri musikis idea da improvizaciis problema<br />

351<br />

lad gaicno), misi, rogorc evropaSi cnobili musikos-Semsruleblis socialuri roli<br />

garkveulwilad Seicvala. aqamde (Cveulebriv) pianisti an mevioline, romelic Tavs iwo–<br />

nebda sakuTari araCveulebrivi, TiTqmis unikaluri m<strong>on</strong>acemebiT, igi aRiarebuli iyo vir–<br />

tuozad, Tavisi improvizaciiT pasuxobda auditoriis moTxovnebs, romlisganac sanacvlod<br />

aRfrTovanebas iRebda. mark pinCerlem (Marc Pincherle) aRniSna, rom `improvizacia gulisxmobda<br />

xelis simarjvis ganviTarebas, ganuwyvetel swrafvas axali virtuozuli xerxebis povni–<br />

saken~ (Pincherle, 1949: 237). virtuozebs, rogorc marjve Semsruleblebs, romlebic cdilobd–<br />

nen instrumentis flobis mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri CvenebiT moegoT au–<br />

ditoriis guli, SeeZloT gavlena moexdinaT sakuTari auditoriis formirebasa da gazr–<br />

daze. umTavresad isini amas axerxebdnen auditoriis `ayvanis~ araCveulebrivi unariT.<br />

aseTi virtuozulobis winaamdeg brZola 1840-ian wlebSi daiwyo (Gooley, 2006: 76). amasTan,<br />

`es brZola ar iyo arc centralizebuli da arc didad gacnobierebuli~ (Gooley, 2006: 77).<br />

virtuozulobis TandaTanobiTi gaqrobis procesis kompleqsuri mizezi, sxvasTan erTad,<br />

dakavSirebuli iyo dasavlur musikalur xelovnebaSi misi rolis SemcirebasTan. amasTan<br />

erTad, 1860-ian wlebSi daiwyo Semoqmedebis romantikul ideaze, rogorc saCuqarze, war–<br />

modgenis mecnieruli Seswavla. Semoqmedebis saidumloeba, rogorc sp<strong>on</strong>tanuri da faruli,<br />

raci<strong>on</strong>alurad auxsnili fenomeni, sxvebTan erTad ser francis galt<strong>on</strong>is (Francis Galt<strong>on</strong>) mier<br />

ganimarta, rogorc `memkvidreobiTi genia~ (Kutschke, 1999: 151).<br />

virtuozuli praqtikisa da improvizaciulobis popularobis Semcireba erTmaneTs da–<br />

emTxva. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukunis evropis sak<strong>on</strong>certo cxovrebidan virtu–<br />

ozuli improvizaciis xerxebis TandaTanobiTi gaqrobis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda musikalurad<br />

ganaTlebul inteleqtualebSi stabilurad, Tumca gaucnobiereblad mzardi rwmena, rom<br />

musikis improvizaciuloba naklebad ganviTarebuli kulturebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. ori–<br />

entuli musikaluri tradiciebis Seswavlis Sedegad (Bohlman, 1987: 150) (gansakuTrebiT napo–<br />

le<strong>on</strong>is omebis Semdeg) zogadi warmodgena Seiqmna e. w. pirvelyofil kulturebSi (ierar–<br />

qiul struqturaSi) gavrcelebuli improvizaciuli praqtikis Sesaxeb. improvizacias miiC–<br />

nevdnen gadaxrad evropuli musikis esTetikuri da kompoziciuri normebidan. aseTive azri<br />

gavrcelebuli iyo XX saukunis mravali mecnieris SromebSic. maT Sorisaa ernst ferandi<br />

(Ernst Ferand), romelmac 1938 wels dawera wigni `improvizacia musikaSi~ (Ferand, Die Improvisati<strong>on</strong><br />

in der Musik, pirvelad gamoica ciurixSi). amrigad, XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan yuradReba<br />

maxvildeboda imaze, rom improvizacia, sadac Semqmneli da Semsrulebeli erTi da igive<br />

pirovnebaa, aris movlena, romelic evropul kulturas (boSuri musikis CaTvliT) ar mie–<br />

kuTvneba (Nettl, 1974: 2). Sesabamisad, improvizaciuloba, robin muris dakvirvebiT, aRiqmeboda<br />

rogorc `miuRebeli, ucxo an uintereso ram~ (Moore, 1992: 63). boSur musikas veluri war–<br />

moSobis movlenad aRiqvamdnen. XIX saukunis bolos, roca pirvelyofil musikaze werda,<br />

rihard valaSekma Tavis wignSi CarTo boSebic, rogorc evropaSi pirvelyofili musikis<br />

warmomadgenlebi (Wallaschek, 1970: 62).<br />

improvizaciulobis Semdgomi dacema ganpirobebuli iyo im cvlilebebiT, romlebic<br />

moxda, erTi mxriv, musikis Sesrulebis k<strong>on</strong>cefciaSi, xolo, meore mxriv _ pedagogikaSi (Moore,<br />

1992: 68-80). Tumca, orive mizezi im evoluciis Sedegi iyo, romelmac XIX saukuneSi musika<br />

profesi<strong>on</strong>alebis da ara diletantebisa da moyvarulebis saqmed aqcia, rogorc es manamde<br />

iyo. moyvarul musikosTa muzicirebis Zveli tradicia emyareboda improvizaciulobas: es

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