The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...

The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ... The Fifth International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony ...

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128 Alla Sokolova the soloist and the choir/ensemble, two choirs/ensembles); 3) structural-compositional solution (two soloists in antiphonal singing, antiphonal and heterophonal singing of two soloist; antiphonal and heterophonal singing of three soloists; antiphone of the soloist and the choir; stretto performance of the soloist and the choir, drone accompaniment of the soloist’s part and so on). ong>Theong> presence of two singers also guaranteed a successful form of transmissing the traditions, because it allowed people of different levels of the singing skills to get together. If in the presence of some universally recognized master of singing someone did not dare to be his partner-soloist and sang humbly in the zhyukio – a sort of backing group, in another Khacheshch or another company he might sing as a competent soloist, making use of the previous experience of performing the given song. ong>Theong> presence of two and more soloists in Khacheshchs guaranteed the continuity of traditions, as among those present there were people of various ages, level of knowledge and life experience. In this way, alternate solo singing envisaged not only a psychological and aesthetic, but an educational programme as well. ong>Theong> presence of the Amoebean form of singing in the recent past of the Adyghes, its still existeng traces in the 20 th century, separate examples attested in the 21 st century speak in favour of the highly organized and ritualized communicative links, characteristic of the traditional culture of the Adyghes. It is not only the dialogue of soloists sounding in music, but a polylogue, because the “talking” unfolds against the background of active listeners – the participants in the zhyu. Apart from that the Amoebean singing is a result of agonal 11 thinking (musical as well) of the Adyghes, their ethnopsychological and socio-cultural features of character. ong>Theong> main ideas about the Amoebean singing of the Adyghes may be presented as follows: 1. ong>Theong> feature of the agonal type of thinking characteristic of the most ancient cultures and still existing in the folk terminology of the Adyghes. 2. ong>Theong> most ancient form of the artistic-aesthetic communication; 3. ong>Theong> form of constructing the male sub-culture of society; 4. ong>Theong> signs determining the status of the members of the traditional community as a whole and a concrete gathering in particular; 5. ong>Theong> ancestral features of some genres: epic, heroic, lyric, zefeuse; 6. In modern culture as an element of ethnic identity. 7. In the post-folklore space – as a sign of ethnic marking. Notes 1 In Modern Scholarship quite a number of researches are dedicated to Adyghe folk singing, some theses among them (Ashkhotov, 1994: 95-108; Blaeva, 1990: 102-110; Vishevskaia, 2009), though none of them deal with the Ameobean form of singing of traditional Adyghe song performance 2 ong>Theong> Adyghe Folk Song Company “Zhyu” was founded in 2006. It is headed by Zamudin Guchev, musical director – Svetlana Kushu. ong>Theong> repertoire of the company consists of more than 60 songs: devotional, labour songs, Nart pshchinatles, historical-heroic, hunting songs, funeral dirges, humorous songs and lullabies and others 3 A guest house or a room (if the family was poor), where a bed and food was always ready for a guest. Besides men would gather here to have fun, sing and listen to songs, fairy tales and stories about the Narts; hear new stories as told by guests, musical instruments hung on the walls, the chivalry would sing under instrumental accompaniment. Women were not allowed to khacheshch

ong>Theong> Meanings and Codes of the Amoebean Form of Singing in the Adyghe Traditional Culture 129 4 In 1999, 45 sound recordings, made in Armavir by English sound engineers in the years 1911-1913, were returned from the EMI archives to their historical native land. On the discs there were songs and instrumental tunes performed by Magomet Khogaudzh, Shalikh Bedanokov and Ilias Nagiev 5 R. Unarokova gathered the information about Zhyu-pashch and Zhyu-klash in 1980 from the famous expert on Adyghe songs Turkubi Jarimoka, born in 1927, from the aul of Jejekhabl 6 Such a cue is attested in the sound recordings of Yusuf Tuguz from Syria, in the song “Shypkish”. ong>Theong> sound recording of R.B. Unarokova. Archives of the Adyghology Centre of ASU 7 Being a participant of the Tbilisi 5 th ong>Internationalong> ong>Symposiumong> on Traditional Polyphony in 2010, I was lucky enough to hear Georgian multi-part songs, with two soloists. On my question how the singers knows that he is to sing the following strophe, the performer answered: “I feel it because I am a Georgian!” Though, it should be noted that the soloist passing on the baton to another singer, makes a slight nod 8 In the present paper the notion “lengthy” songs is used to denote the real time of their continuation. ong>Theong> Adyghe songs about great men, great battles, lamentations, devotional songs, funeral dirges could be sung for a long time (from thirty minutes to several hours) 9 ong>Theong> information on the given term was graciously offered by Prof. R. Unarokova 10 High 6 th step 11 Agon means competition in Greek References Ashkhotov, Beslan. (1994). “Gibza – osobaia forma adigskogo folklora” (“Gibza – a Special Form of Adyghe Folklore”). In: Voprosi kavkazskoi filologin i istorii (Issius of Caucasian Philology and History). Ed. 2. P. 95-108. Nalchik Ashkhotov, Beslan. (2002). Traditsionnaia adigskaia pesnia-plach gibze (ong>Theong> Traditional Adyghe Funeral Dirge Gybze). Malchik: El-Fa (in Russian) Baragunov, Vladimir, Kardangushev, Ziramiku. (compilars). (1990). Narodnie pesni i instrumentalnie naigrishi adigov. Geroicheskie, velichalnie i plachevie pesni (Folk Songs and Instrumental Tunes of the Adyghes. Heroic, Exalting Songs and Funeral Dirges). T.3. Part 2. Moscow: Sovetsky Compositor (in Russian) Blaeva, Tamara. (1990). “Iezhu – ocobaia forma gruppavogo pesnia adigov” (“Yezhu – A Special Form of Group Singing of the Adyghes”). In: Mir kulturi (World of Culture). P. 102-110. Nalchik Garaqanidze, Edisher. (2009). “ong>Theong> Role of Responsorial Singing in the Development of Georgian Polyphony”. In: Echoes from Georgia: Seventeen Arguments on Georgian Polyphony. P. 185-203. Editors: Tsurtsumia, Rusudan and Jordania, Joseph. New York: Nova Science Publishers Jordania, Joseph. (2006). Who Asked the First Question? ong>Theong> O rigin of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech. Tbilisi: Logos Kheizinga, Iokhan. (1997). “Chelovek igraiushchij” (“Man Playing”). In: Statii po istorii kulturi (Articles on the History of Culture). Translated, compiled and introduced by Silvesterov D.B.; Commentaries by D.E. Kharitonovich. Moscow: Progress-

<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Meanings and Codes of the Amoebean Form of Singing in the Adyghe Traditi<strong>on</strong>al Culture<br />

129<br />

4 In 1999, 45 sound recordings, made in Armavir by English sound engineers in the years 1911-1913, were returned from the EMI<br />

archives to their historical native land. On the discs there were s<strong>on</strong>gs and instrumental tunes performed by Magomet Khogaudzh,<br />

Shalikh Bedanokov and Ilias Nagiev<br />

5 R. Unarokova gathered the informati<strong>on</strong> about Zhyu-pashch and Zhyu-klash in 1980 from the famous expert <strong>on</strong> Adyghe s<strong>on</strong>gs<br />

Turkubi Jarimoka, born in 1927, from the aul of Jejekhabl<br />

6 Such a cue is attested in the sound recordings of Yusuf Tuguz from Syria, in the s<strong>on</strong>g “Shypkish”. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> sound recording of R.B.<br />

Unarokova. Archives of the Adyghology Centre of ASU<br />

7 Being a participant of the Tbilisi 5 th <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Traditi<strong>on</strong>al Polyph<strong>on</strong>y in 2010, I was lucky enough to hear<br />

Georgian multi-part s<strong>on</strong>gs, with two soloists. On my questi<strong>on</strong> how the singers knows that he is to sing the following strophe,<br />

the performer answered: “I feel it because I am a Georgian!” Though, it should be noted that the soloist passing <strong>on</strong> the bat<strong>on</strong> to<br />

another singer, makes a slight nod<br />

8 In the present paper the noti<strong>on</strong> “lengthy” s<strong>on</strong>gs is used to denote the real time of their c<strong>on</strong>tinuati<strong>on</strong>. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Adyghe s<strong>on</strong>gs about<br />

great men, great battles, lamentati<strong>on</strong>s, devoti<strong>on</strong>al s<strong>on</strong>gs, funeral dirges could be sung for a l<strong>on</strong>g time (from thirty minutes to<br />

several hours)<br />

9 <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the given term was graciously offered by Prof. R. Unarokova<br />

10 High 6 th step<br />

11 Ag<strong>on</strong> means competiti<strong>on</strong> in Greek<br />

References<br />

Ashkhotov, Beslan. (1994). “Gibza – osobaia forma adigskogo folklora” (“Gibza – a Special Form of Adyghe Folklore”). In:<br />

Voprosi kavkazskoi filologin i istorii (Issius of Caucasian Philology and History). Ed. 2. P. 95-108. Nalchik<br />

Ashkhotov, Beslan. (2002). Traditsi<strong>on</strong>naia adigskaia pesnia-plach gibze (<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Traditi<strong>on</strong>al Adyghe Funeral Dirge Gybze). Malchik:<br />

El-Fa (in Russian)<br />

Baragunov, Vladimir, Kardangushev, Ziramiku. (compilars). (1990). Narodnie pesni i instrumentalnie naigrishi adigov.<br />

Geroicheskie, velichalnie i plachevie pesni (Folk S<strong>on</strong>gs and Instrumental Tunes of the Adyghes. Heroic, Exalting S<strong>on</strong>gs and<br />

Funeral Dirges). T.3. Part 2. Moscow: Sovetsky Compositor (in Russian)<br />

Blaeva, Tamara. (1990). “Iezhu – ocobaia forma gruppavogo pesnia adigov” (“Yezhu – A Special Form of Group Singing of the<br />

Adyghes”). In: Mir kulturi (World of Culture). P. 102-110. Nalchik<br />

Garaqanidze, Edisher. (2009). “<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Role of Resp<strong>on</strong>sorial Singing in the Development of Georgian Polyph<strong>on</strong>y”. In: Echoes from<br />

Georgia: Seventeen Arguments <strong>on</strong> Georgian Polyph<strong>on</strong>y. P. 185-203. Editors: Tsurtsumia, Rusudan and Jordania, Joseph. New<br />

York: Nova Science Publishers<br />

Jordania, Joseph. (2006). Who Asked the First Questi<strong>on</strong>? <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> O rigin of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and<br />

Speech. Tbilisi: Logos<br />

Kheizinga, Iokhan. (1997). “Chelovek igraiushchij” (“Man Playing”). In: Statii po istorii kulturi (Articles <strong>on</strong> the History of<br />

Culture). Translated, compiled and introduced by Silvesterov D.B.; Commentaries by D.E. Kharit<strong>on</strong>ovich. Moscow: Progress-

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