Implementation of an Electronic Arabic Dictionary Based on Hans ...
Implementation of an Electronic Arabic Dictionary Based on Hans ...
Implementation of an Electronic Arabic Dictionary Based on Hans ...
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Implementati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Electr<strong>on</strong>ic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr<br />
Muhammad Nasir Ibrahim 1 Siti Noormaya Bilmas 1 , Mari<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>i Idroas 2<br />
1 Faculty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310<br />
UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia.<br />
2 Faculty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Petroleum <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Renewable Energy Engineering, Universiti<br />
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia<br />
Abstract— <str<strong>on</strong>g>Electr<strong>on</strong>ic</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>aries play a great role <strong>on</strong> the<br />
spreading <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage am<strong>on</strong>g n<strong>on</strong>-native speakers. Since <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage is described to be as a derivative l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage, a root based<br />
arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement will enable the l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage to be treated as a family <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>nected words based <strong>on</strong> the root, thus, it will enable the<br />
l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage learner to be easily skillful.<br />
The comm<strong>on</strong> arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is based <strong>on</strong> the<br />
first letter <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the words according to the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> alphabet<br />
sequence. Therefore, the objective <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this paper is to develop <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>ary based <strong>on</strong> the root word arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cept. The sample <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is<br />
based <strong>on</strong> the H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr dicti<strong>on</strong>ary that provides the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing<br />
for each word, to the informati<strong>on</strong> about the root word derivati<strong>on</strong><br />
form, derivati<strong>on</strong> words <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d its usage example. This dicti<strong>on</strong>ary<br />
popular in teaching <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> as sec<strong>on</strong>d l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage, However, there is<br />
no electr<strong>on</strong>ic versi<strong>on</strong> using this dicti<strong>on</strong>ary format.<br />
Currently, the prototype <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>ary has been<br />
designed, implemented <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d tested in st<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>dal<strong>on</strong>e PC, nevertheless,<br />
in future it c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be implemented in <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> IPHONE devices or as a<br />
web-based dicti<strong>on</strong>ary so as to encourage n<strong>on</strong>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> speaker to<br />
learn <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage easily.<br />
Keywords- database structure, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> root word, electr<strong>on</strong>ic<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>ary<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
In recent years, document processing in various daily life<br />
activities such as governmental <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fices, library automati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
publishing houses, b<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ks, postal services, <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d communicati<strong>on</strong><br />
m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>agement has been shifted from paper-based documents to<br />
digital forms (E-Documents) because <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the adv<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>tages <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
document processing via computers. It is similar for the paper<br />
form dicti<strong>on</strong>ary <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d other spoken sources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> multilingual<br />
informati<strong>on</strong>. This great shift to electr<strong>on</strong>ic documents is because<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the availability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reliable tools that are capable in searching<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d processing written documents for accurate, fast <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
c<strong>on</strong>venient way [1]<br />
Due to adv<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ces in computer technology, l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>aries become <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> import<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>t l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage supporting tools.<br />
Great achievements <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d efforts have been reported in m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y<br />
l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guages for related areas such as natural l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage processing,<br />
speech recogniti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Artificial Intelligence (AI) applicati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these applicati<strong>on</strong>s help in sec<strong>on</strong>d l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage acquisiti<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d they require the availability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>aries [2].<br />
Malaysi<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Higher Educati<strong>on</strong> (MOHE) <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Universiti Teknologi<br />
Malaysia - research gr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>t (FRGS Vot number 68262 <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d GUP Vot number<br />
04.J55)<br />
© ICCIT 2012 528<br />
Zuraimi Yahya 1 , Abuagla Babiker 1,3 , MohdAufa Saied<strong>on</strong> 1 , Ali Elfaki 4<br />
3 Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Electr<strong>on</strong>ic</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Engineering, Sud<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> University Of Science <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
Technology, Khartoum, Sud<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
4 Faculty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Compute Science <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Informati<strong>on</strong> System, Universiti<br />
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia.<br />
There are m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y web-based <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d st<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d-al<strong>on</strong>e s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware for<br />
electr<strong>on</strong>ic versi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> English-to-other l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage dicti<strong>on</strong>aries<br />
including English to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g>. However, the availability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to other l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage dicti<strong>on</strong>aries is not m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y especially<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>aries. The essential dicti<strong>on</strong>aries that<br />
c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be listed are such as Lis<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ualarab <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Almoajam Alwaseet.<br />
Furthermore, the arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to other l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is different due to the special features <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
which is not similar to other l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guages. On the other h<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d, the<br />
availability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to other l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage such Malay, Chinese<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Urdu in electr<strong>on</strong>ic form is less th<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to English.<br />
This paper proposes <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d designs a general framework for<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> input dicti<strong>on</strong>ary, which c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be adapted to serve<br />
m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guages in future. Currently, the framework is using<br />
sample data from H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr dicti<strong>on</strong>ary for testing purposes<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d it is <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g>-to-English dicti<strong>on</strong>ary. This dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is<br />
written by H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr who is originated from Germ<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y which<br />
was published as the first <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to Germ<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>ary around<br />
1964.<br />
To enh<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ce the process <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> teaching <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d learning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage for n<strong>on</strong>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> speakers <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d maximize the benefits to<br />
other interested people, the system will be publicly available<br />
through the internet with a user friendly interface. Furthermore,<br />
the arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is combined between<br />
alphabetical form <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d root-based arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 2 explains theoretical aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d discusses the<br />
related work. Secti<strong>on</strong> 3 explore the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary design approach<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d highlights the operati<strong>on</strong>al mech<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ism. Secti<strong>on</strong> 4 discusses<br />
the issue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>ary implementati<strong>on</strong>. Secti<strong>on</strong> 5<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cludes this paper <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d highlights future directi<strong>on</strong>s related to<br />
the issue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>ary.<br />
II. LITERATURE REVIEW<br />
A. Historical Informati<strong>on</strong> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dicti<strong>on</strong>aries<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al Org<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>izati<strong>on</strong> for St<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>dardizati<strong>on</strong> (ISO)<br />
summarizes the issue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>ary in three main points; first,<br />
what are the main comp<strong>on</strong>ents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary (i.e. input <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
output l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage), sec<strong>on</strong>d, the structure <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>ary inputs, <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d third, the searching methods. Other
scholars describe that “dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is about collecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement“.<br />
There is no doubt that searching methods in electr<strong>on</strong>ic<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>aries is much easier <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d faster th<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> searching in paperbased<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>aries. Furthermore, if the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is well<br />
structure, the benefits to the learner will be much more.<br />
As a historical fact, the existence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> books<br />
leads to the urgent need <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>aries. Thus, the basic<br />
definiti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>aries (Muajam <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Gamous) is originated<br />
from Arab [3]. Moreover, in the field <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> publishing Linguistic<br />
books, the first nati<strong>on</strong> is China followed by Arab [4]. Arab is<br />
the first in publishing dicti<strong>on</strong>aries but less in producing<br />
electr<strong>on</strong>ic <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>aries.<br />
B. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary</str<strong>on</strong>g> Arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement, H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr <str<strong>on</strong>g>Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
as Case Study<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage is described to be as a derivative l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage.<br />
In <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> verb morphology, root word c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be derived to<br />
generate m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y other words, which represents <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> exp<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>si<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the root. Some exp<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>si<strong>on</strong>s are lexical derivati<strong>on</strong>s which will<br />
result in "new words". But others are variati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the verb's<br />
c<strong>on</strong>jugati<strong>on</strong> [5]. Western scholars have assigned Rom<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
numerals to the various patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> derivati<strong>on</strong>, which are called<br />
"forms". The root is designated "Form I". A particular form<br />
does not have a c<strong>on</strong>sistent me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing across verbs, although it<br />
has a "usual" me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing. In additi<strong>on</strong>, no verb root has all the<br />
derivati<strong>on</strong>s. The forms numbered bey<strong>on</strong>d Rom<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> numeral X<br />
are rare <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d obsolescent, for which reas<strong>on</strong> m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y elementary<br />
grammars omit them[5]. The list <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this comm<strong>on</strong> form c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be<br />
seen through Table 1. The boldfaced tr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>sliterati<strong>on</strong> indicates a<br />
word that would actually exist in <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> lexic<strong>on</strong> for this<br />
particular root (ﻝ - ﻉ - ﻑ) (f - ʻ - l - right-to-left) [6].<br />
The middle vocal in “form I” active voice c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be a, i or u,<br />
depending <strong>on</strong> the root applied in “form I”. The exact<br />
vocalizati<strong>on</strong> depends <strong>on</strong> the word form. Forms XI (ifʻālla),<br />
XIII (ifʻawwala), XIV (ifʻ<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>lala), <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d XV (ifʻ<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>lā) are very<br />
rare. Comm<strong>on</strong> uses <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> those stems include [6]:<br />
faʻʻala is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten used to make <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> intr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>sitive verb tr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>sitive.<br />
Eg: karuma is "be noble" but karrama is "make (some<strong>on</strong>e) to<br />
be noble", or, more idiomatically, to "h<strong>on</strong>or"[5].<br />
infaʻala gives a passive me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing. Eg: kasara "break" <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
inkasara "be broken".<br />
ifʻalla is used <strong>on</strong>ly to render stative verbs me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing "to be or<br />
become X" where X is a color or physical defect, eg: iḥmarra<br />
"turn red, blush" or iṭrašša "go deaf".<br />
Then for the derivati<strong>on</strong>, it derives from the root word. The<br />
me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the derivati<strong>on</strong> word has much similar me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing to<br />
the root word me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing[5]<br />
The prototype <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary will be tested using sample<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tent from H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr dicti<strong>on</strong>ary; nevertheless, the frame<br />
work is capable to be filled by unrestricted c<strong>on</strong>tents. H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s<br />
Wehr dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is implemented to the proposed framework<br />
based <strong>on</strong> these reas<strong>on</strong>s. First, it presents the vocabulary <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
phraseology <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> modern written <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Sec<strong>on</strong>d, the<br />
arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the words is based <strong>on</strong> root words followed by a<br />
sequence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> root-related words. The arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement is unique as it<br />
529<br />
ﺐﺘﻛ<br />
Kataba u (katb, ﺔﺒﺘﻛ kitba, ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ kitāba)<br />
To write, pen, write down, put down in<br />
writing, note down, inscribe, enter,<br />
record, book, register (ه s.t.h.); to<br />
compose, draw up, indite, draft (ه s.t.h);<br />
to bequeath, make over by will (ل ه<br />
s.t.h. to s.o); to prescribe (ﻞ ه s.t.h. to<br />
s.o); to foreordain, destines (ل or ﻞ ه s.t.h. to s.o.;<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> God); pass. kutiba to be<br />
fated, be foreordained, be destined (ل<br />
to s.o.) | ن ا ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻞ ﺐﺘﻛ to be firmly<br />
resolved to…, make it <strong>on</strong>e’s duty to …;<br />
ﻪﻨﻋ ﺐﺘﻛ to write from s.o.’s dictati<strong>on</strong>;<br />
ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺐﺘﻛ (kitābahū) to draw up the<br />
Marriage c<strong>on</strong>tract for s.o., marry s.o.<br />
(ﻞ to) II to make (ە s.o.) write (ه s.t.h.);<br />
to form or deploy in squadr<strong>on</strong>s (ه troops)<br />
III to keep up a corresp<strong>on</strong>dence, exch<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ge letters,<br />
corresp<strong>on</strong>d (ە with s.o.) IV to dictate (ه ە to s.o.<br />
s.t.h.), make (ە s.o.) write (ه s.t.h.) VI to write to<br />
each other, exch<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ge letters, keep up a<br />
corresp<strong>on</strong>dence VII to subscribe VIII to write ( ه<br />
s.t.h.); to copy (ه s.t.h.), make a copy (ه <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> s.t.h.);<br />
to enter <strong>on</strong>e’s name; to subscribe (ل for); to<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tribute, subscribe (ل ب m<strong>on</strong>ey to); to be<br />
entered, be recorded, be registered X to ask (ە s.o.)<br />
to write (ه s.t.h.); to dictate (ه ە to s.o. s.t.h.), make<br />
(ە s.o.) write (ه s.t.h.); to have a copy made (ە by<br />
s.o.)<br />
بﺎﺘﻛ kitāb pl. ﺐﺘﻛ<br />
butuk<br />
piece <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> writing, record, paper; letter, note,<br />
message; document, deed; c<strong>on</strong>tract (esp. marriage<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tract); book; بﺎتﻜﻟا the Kor<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>; the Bible | بﺎتﻜﻟا ﻞﻫا<br />
ahl al-k. the people <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Book, the adherents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
a revealed religi<strong>on</strong>, the kitabis, i.e., Christi<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
Jews; جاوﺰﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ k. azzawāj marriage c<strong>on</strong>tract; قﻼﻄﻟا<br />
بﺎﺘﻛ k. aṭ-ṭalāq bill <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> divorce; ﻰﳰﻠﻌﺗ بﺎﺘﻛ (ta’limi)<br />
textbook; دﻋ بﺎﺘﻛ credentials (dipl.); ﺐتﻜﻟاراد library<br />
ﱮﺘﻛ kutubi pl. –ya bookseller, bookdealer<br />
I<br />
Root word<br />
Form<br />
Derivati<strong>on</strong> word<br />
Word pr<strong>on</strong>unciati<strong>on</strong><br />
*others are the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing<br />
faʻala َﻞَﻌَﻓ<br />
II fa’’ala َﻞﱠﻌَﻓ<br />
III fāʻala َﻞَﻋﺎَﻓ<br />
IV ʼafʻala َﻞ َﻌْﻓَﺍ<br />
V tafaʻʻala َﻞﱠﻌَﻔَﺗ<br />
VI tafāʻala َﻞَﻋﺎَﻔَﺗ<br />
VII infaʻala َﻞَﻌَﻔ ْﻧِﺍ<br />
VIII iftaʻala َﻞَﻌَﺘْﻓِﺍ<br />
IX ifʻalla َﻞ َﻌْﻓﺍ<br />
X istafʻala َﻞَﻌْﻔَﺘْﺳِﺍ<br />
Figure 1: H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr dicti<strong>on</strong>ary entry [6]
gives the adv<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>tage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> more informati<strong>on</strong> given besides the<br />
me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing, <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d the user will underst<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d better <strong>on</strong> how to use the<br />
word with the correct grammar. Under a given root, the<br />
sequence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> entry is as shown in Figure 1 [6].<br />
C. Problems related to paper based dicti<strong>on</strong>ary “editorial<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>ary”<br />
Even the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ged according to the root word,<br />
the user need to extract the root word which may be sometimes<br />
difficult or impossible for n<strong>on</strong> Arab learners. Therefore, in the<br />
proposed framework, the system will m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>age the c<strong>on</strong>nectivity<br />
between every word <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d its root word internally.<br />
Users usually c<strong>on</strong>cern about the time taken to know the<br />
exact me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a word or in other word, need the informati<strong>on</strong><br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> easiest <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d fastest form. Other user may prefer to know<br />
more informati<strong>on</strong> related to the word. Thus, the proposed<br />
system maintains the resp<strong>on</strong>se time, simplicity <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d more<br />
detailed in informati<strong>on</strong> allocati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
III. RELATED WORK<br />
Nowadays, the work in electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>aries is going very<br />
fast <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d there is a great effort spent <strong>on</strong> the implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>aries. The most popular examples; the<br />
Interactive <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> the web (IAD) is sp<strong>on</strong>sored<br />
by King Abdul-Azziz City for Sciences <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Technology<br />
(KACST) [7], <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d the Arab League Educati<strong>on</strong>al Cultural <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
Scientific Org<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>izati<strong>on</strong> (ALECSO) [8] with the cooperati<strong>on</strong><br />
with linguists <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d scholars from Higher Institute for Applied<br />
Sciences <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Technology (HIAST) [9]. These implementati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
are great <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d well established interactive <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>ary [10] that c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> satisfy the needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Arab learners. They<br />
involved linguistics specialists <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d scholars as well as<br />
computer researchers to achieve that great implementati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Currently, <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>line versi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is available <strong>on</strong><br />
the internet while at the same time their work is still going <strong>on</strong>.<br />
Instead, there is Sakhr [11] that provide a tr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>slati<strong>on</strong> system<br />
from <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to several other l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guages, <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y researchers<br />
in the field <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> designing <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Electr<strong>on</strong>ic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dicti<strong>on</strong>aries [2,<br />
5, 12, 13]. Furthermore, Albaheth Alarabi[14] represents a rich<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>ary. It extracts the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> word from different famous dicti<strong>on</strong>aries such as Lis<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>u<br />
Alarab , Algamous Almoheet <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Alsahah.<br />
IV. IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGY<br />
A. Operati<strong>on</strong>al Mech<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>isms<br />
The operati<strong>on</strong>al mech<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ism is shown in Figure 2. As a first<br />
step, a user needs to open the system either from the computer<br />
or <strong>on</strong>line from the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary website. Then, the system will<br />
ask the user to enter <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y word. The user needs to make sure<br />
that the entered word is a correct word. If not, the system will<br />
give some suggesti<strong>on</strong>s word to be chosen.<br />
If the word is a correct word, the system will display the<br />
me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the word <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d asks the user whether he or she needs<br />
other informati<strong>on</strong> related to this word such as derivative words.<br />
If so, the system will display the derivative words with their<br />
corresp<strong>on</strong>ding me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing. Furthermore, the system will also<br />
530<br />
display the alternative me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the words when it is<br />
compounded with other words.<br />
No<br />
start<br />
Open the web site or<br />
the installed s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware<br />
Enter <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> word to get<br />
the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d other related<br />
informati<strong>on</strong><br />
Correct<br />
word?<br />
Yes<br />
Display the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing as well as<br />
pr<strong>on</strong>unciati<strong>on</strong>; ask the user for the<br />
interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> getting more informati<strong>on</strong><br />
such as<br />
(root, derivative, <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d examples)<br />
Need to look for<br />
derivative words?<br />
Yes<br />
Display root, derivative <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
examples <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the word with<br />
their corresp<strong>on</strong>ding me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d pr<strong>on</strong>unciati<strong>on</strong><br />
Display <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> error message<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d give suggesti<strong>on</strong> for<br />
the correct word<br />
Figure 2: Operati<strong>on</strong>al Framework <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Proposed <str<strong>on</strong>g>Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
B. The internal structure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the tables<br />
The main feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this implementati<strong>on</strong> is platform<br />
independent. It has been implemented using open source code,<br />
MySQL for the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary database <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d PHP for the web based<br />
interface. It also c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be easily modified, maintained, <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
upgraded since it is based <strong>on</strong> open source code.<br />
It c<strong>on</strong>sists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two main tables; the first table is the<br />
word_me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing table which represents all <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> words with<br />
their corresp<strong>on</strong>ding me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d related informati<strong>on</strong> (i.e. root,<br />
derivatives <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d pr<strong>on</strong>unciati<strong>on</strong>), while, the sec<strong>on</strong>d table<br />
represents the compounded_word_me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing, which deals with<br />
the expl<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the word me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing when it comes in a<br />
compounded form. The data dicti<strong>on</strong>ary <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> those tables as well<br />
as examples <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tent data are shown in tables 2 to table 5<br />
respectively.<br />
No
Table 2: Data <str<strong>on</strong>g>Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> word_me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing Table<br />
Column Name Data Type Length Comments<br />
Word_ID Number 6 Primay-Key<br />
Word Char 50<br />
Me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing Char 70<br />
Pr<strong>on</strong> Char 70<br />
Root_ID Number 6 Refence to word me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing (Word_ID) Self<br />
join in (1:N) form<br />
Table 3: Snapshot <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the c<strong>on</strong>tents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> (word_me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing) table<br />
Word ID word me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing Pr<strong>on</strong>/ or it c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be recorded sound Root ID<br />
19 ﻡﻬﻓ Underst<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d fahima 19<br />
22 ﺏﻛﺭ Ride rakiba 22<br />
25 ﺏﺗﻛ Write kataba 25<br />
29 ﺏﻛﺭﻣ Boat morkab 22<br />
30 ﺏﺗﺎﻛ Clerk katib 25<br />
32 ﺏﺎﺗﻛ Book kitab 25<br />
33 ﻡﺎﻬﻔﺗﺳﺍ questi<strong>on</strong> mark istifham 19<br />
34 ﻲﻣﻬﻓ name (male) fahmi 19<br />
46 ﺏﺗﻛﻣ Office maktab 25<br />
Word_ID is the primary key in the table “word_me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing”<br />
but become the foreign key in table “compounded word<br />
me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing” in a relati<strong>on</strong>ship <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e-to-m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y. Then, Root_ID is<br />
the internal foreign key <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d it is the unique value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Word_ID<br />
that representing self join relati<strong>on</strong>ship <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e-to-m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y between<br />
the Root_ID <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d the Word_ID. When the Root_ID is same<br />
with Word_ID (Root_ID = WORD_ID), its me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> that the word<br />
is a root word. Thus, if some<strong>on</strong>e need <strong>on</strong>ly the root words, it<br />
c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be achieved by simple query according to the above<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Table 4 Data <str<strong>on</strong>g>Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> compounded_word_me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing Table<br />
Column Name Data Type Length Comments<br />
Example_ID Number 6 Primay-Key<br />
Word_ID Number 6 Refence to word me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing (Word_ID)<br />
Example Var Char 100<br />
Example me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing Var Char 100<br />
Table 5: Snapshot <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the c<strong>on</strong>tents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> (Compounded_word_me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing) Table<br />
Example_ID Word_ID Example Example_me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing<br />
1 46 ﺩﻳﺭﺑﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻣ post <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fice<br />
2 46 ﺕﺎﻳﺭﻔﺳﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻣ travel agency<br />
3 32 ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺗﻛ marriage c<strong>on</strong>tract<br />
Figure 3 represents <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> example <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a user seeking for the<br />
me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the word ﺏﺎﺘﻛ in the ‘Input Interface’. Figure 4<br />
shows the quick output <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d more opti<strong>on</strong>s output. Figure 5<br />
shows the detail output interface if the user chooses sec<strong>on</strong>d(2)<br />
opti<strong>on</strong> as in the Figure 4.<br />
Figure 3: The Input Interface<br />
531<br />
1. You entered the word: ﺏﺎﺘﻛ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s: book<br />
2. Click here to get some opti<strong>on</strong>s such as 'root'<br />
'pr<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong>cati<strong>on</strong>' <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d 'derivati<strong>on</strong>' 'example for<br />
expl<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing.<br />
3.or Please Click here to search for <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>other word<br />
Figure 4: Quick <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d simplified output<br />
Welcome , you entered the word :ﺏﺎﺘﻛ !<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s: book<br />
The family words <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the word ﺏﺎﺘﻛ starting with the root<br />
word are as follows:<br />
ﺐﺘﻛ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s....... write ......<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d pr<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong>cati<strong>on</strong> is...... : kataba<br />
Example : ..... ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺐﺘﻛ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s......... to draw up the marriage c<strong>on</strong>tract<br />
ﺐﺗﺎﻛ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s....... clerk .........<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d pr<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong>cati<strong>on</strong> is........ : katib<br />
ﺏﺎﺘﻛ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s....... book .......<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d pr<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong>cati<strong>on</strong> is.......... : kitab<br />
Example : ..... ﺝﺍﻭﺰﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s.......... marriage c<strong>on</strong>tract<br />
ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s.......... writting ..........<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d pr<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong>cati<strong>on</strong> is..........<br />
: alkitabah<br />
ﺐﺘﻜﻣ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s.......... <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fice ..........<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d pr<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong>cati<strong>on</strong> is.......... :<br />
maktab<br />
Example : ..... ﺪﻳﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s.......... post <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fice<br />
ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ<br />
which me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s.......... library ..........<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d pr<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong>cati<strong>on</strong> is.......... :<br />
maktabah<br />
Please click here for more informati<strong>on</strong> regarding syn<strong>on</strong>yms<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d oposite words <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ﺏﺎﺘﻛ<br />
Figure 5: Detail output interface<br />
The main goal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this system is to serve <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d encourage the<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage learners from different levels. Therefore, the<br />
structure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the system is designed not to rely <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong> the root<br />
word as a keyword to search. It also c<strong>on</strong>cerns about the<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ship between root word <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d its corresp<strong>on</strong>ding<br />
derivative words which is highly c<strong>on</strong>sidered as <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> import<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>t<br />
structure to enh<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ce the skills <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> learners[15]. Thus, this<br />
system is very signific<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>t in the aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>:<br />
1. The structure has been designed to c<strong>on</strong>sider the<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ship <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the root <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d derivative words as <strong>on</strong>e<br />
family which is very import<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>t for deep underst<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ding<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> grammatical issues <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d its strength the relati<strong>on</strong>ship<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g the family words<br />
2. It avoids the restricti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relying <strong>on</strong> the root word as a<br />
main keyword for search, which, most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the time,<br />
makes the l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage learning a difficult process. As a<br />
result, it is discouraging new <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> learners <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
reduce the number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> learners by putting a barrier<br />
between them <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d the l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage. This make the learners<br />
assume that <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage is a difficult l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage<br />
which is actually not true.
3. The framework also c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be adapted to serve other<br />
l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guages <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d specific areas such as medical, chemical<br />
or the terms in special educati<strong>on</strong>al stage in the form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
special dicti<strong>on</strong>aries.<br />
V. DISCUSSION<br />
A. Collecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement Approaches Related to<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dicti<strong>on</strong>aries<br />
A.1 Collecti<strong>on</strong><br />
The idea <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement has been d<strong>on</strong>e after a deep thought<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement approaches in H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr [6] <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Almujm<br />
Alwaseet[15] dicti<strong>on</strong>aries. For future, the collecti<strong>on</strong> will be<br />
covering all <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> vocabularies based <strong>on</strong> Lis<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>u Alarb[16] ,<br />
Alaeen [17] , Almujm Alwaseet, Alm<strong>on</strong>jid[18] <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d other<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>aries. Me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>while, the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing will be searched from<br />
other <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to English dicti<strong>on</strong>aries in additi<strong>on</strong> to reliable<br />
tr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>slati<strong>on</strong> publishers. Furthermore, suggesti<strong>on</strong> from specialist<br />
in tr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>slati<strong>on</strong> will be taken into c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d accordingly<br />
enh<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>cement will be d<strong>on</strong>e after proving <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> usefulness.<br />
A.2 Arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement<br />
The main idea in this research is, all words are arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ge<br />
alphabetically but whenever you search for a word, you c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
easily find the root <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the word combined with the derivative<br />
words (in this research derivative words is referred to as family<br />
words). The dicti<strong>on</strong>ary will give the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing directly.<br />
Furthermore, for the family words if you w<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>t to know more<br />
informati<strong>on</strong>, the system c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> also display the family words with<br />
the corresp<strong>on</strong>ding me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing.<br />
This arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement is applied because when a paper-form is<br />
arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ged based <strong>on</strong> root word, there will be a difficulty when<br />
search for the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>-root word. The learner needs to<br />
get the root word <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the required word, then after that search<br />
alphabetically for the word inside the page <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the root word.<br />
This process is quit tedious <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d it discourages the l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage<br />
learner especially the beginners.<br />
Due to this reas<strong>on</strong>, this system approaches the user with a<br />
simple process. By entering <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y word, the system will<br />
automatically produce the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing which “most likely it is the<br />
import<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>t need <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the learner”. Moreover, to improve the<br />
learner’s skills, the system provides the root <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the word with<br />
the corresp<strong>on</strong>ding me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing as well as a link to the derivative<br />
words for those who are interested in more details.<br />
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK<br />
Fully featured electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>aries are much needed not<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly for n<strong>on</strong>-native speakers, but also for native speakers to<br />
keep them more updated with n<strong>on</strong>-daily used terms. Besides,<br />
electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>aries are urgently needed for sec<strong>on</strong>d l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage<br />
acquisiti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
In spite <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> religious <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d academic, now it is recognized that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage is becoming commercial in Malaysia [5].<br />
Therefore, the development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> electr<strong>on</strong>ic module as a tool <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
reference is really needed as a way to improve the informati<strong>on</strong><br />
sharing [6].<br />
532<br />
In this paper, a framework for <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g>-to-English<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>ary has been designed, implemented <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d tested using<br />
sample data from H<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s Wehr <str<strong>on</strong>g>Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
The project keeps the idea <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> arr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>gement based <strong>on</strong> root<br />
word as well as tying the root word with its derivative words as<br />
<strong>on</strong>e family for the propose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> enh<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>cing the skills <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage learner, since <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage has been described to<br />
be as a derivative l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage.<br />
The framework has been designed <strong>on</strong>line <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d portable<br />
“platform independent” since it has been implemented using<br />
PhP <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d MySQL. Furthermore, the framework is not restricted<br />
to a specific type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dicti<strong>on</strong>ary; it c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be easily used for several<br />
l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guages using <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> as <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> input l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage. Moreover, the<br />
vocabulary <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be updated using special entry<br />
form. Since the implementati<strong>on</strong> is based <strong>on</strong> table look up, the<br />
testing accuracy will be 100% if the requested word is existing.<br />
The same implementati<strong>on</strong> c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be modified to serve as<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>ary from <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> to other l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guages such as Malay,<br />
Chinese <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d India by just ch<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ging the output l<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>guage.<br />
Furthermore, special purpose dicti<strong>on</strong>aries c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be also made<br />
based <strong>on</strong> this dicti<strong>on</strong>ary such as Qur<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ic, Medical,<br />
Engineering, biological <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d other specific field <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> study.<br />
To achieve the goal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fully featured <str<strong>on</strong>g>Arabic</str<strong>on</strong>g> electr<strong>on</strong>ic<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>ary, the future guidelines <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this research c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be<br />
summarized as follows:<br />
• Provide Syn<strong>on</strong>yms <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Opposite <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the words, <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d<br />
Automatic Guessing <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d suggesti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the required<br />
words if the user is missed typed the required word.<br />
This dicti<strong>on</strong>ary system also c<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> be integrated with text<br />
editors (i.e. Micros<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>t word, Adobe Readers) to get<br />
the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing whenever the mouse is pointing to the<br />
word.<br />
• Using the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary for as a database for spell<br />
checking “since it includes all the words”<br />
• Automatic word pr<strong>on</strong>unciati<strong>on</strong> while reading text.<br />
• C<strong>on</strong>sidering tashkeel in <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> electr<strong>on</strong>ic dicti<strong>on</strong>ary<br />
(different harakat leads to different me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing for some<br />
words).<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>Implementati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the current <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d enh<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ced system<br />
for a smart ph<strong>on</strong>es (i.e. IPh<strong>on</strong>e).<br />
• Enh<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ce the c<strong>on</strong>tent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary to be as a visual,<br />
audible dicti<strong>on</strong>ary as well as supporting visual<br />
<strong>on</strong>tology relati<strong>on</strong>ship representati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
• Putting simple grammatical comments for the<br />
required words (i.e.: v for verb, n for nouns, etc)<br />
• Normally, for people to underst<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d such sentence;<br />
they need to know the me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> words via<br />
dicti<strong>on</strong>aries. If the sentence is c<strong>on</strong>structed from much<br />
complex words, that me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>s the user need to know<br />
m<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>y words at the same time. Thus, the dicti<strong>on</strong>ary is<br />
needed to support back <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d forward checking <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
me<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>ings. Therefore, forward <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d back butt<strong>on</strong><br />
features need to be put for the user to move between<br />
recently accessed words in c<strong>on</strong>venient way.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />
The authors would like to acknowledge the Malaysi<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Higher Educati<strong>on</strong> (MOHE) <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Universiti<br />
Teknologi Malaysia for the research gr<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>t (FRGS Vot number<br />
68262 <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d GUP Vot number 04.J55) for the support given, as<br />
well as Sud<str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g> University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Science <str<strong>on</strong>g>an</str<strong>on</strong>g>d Technology for their<br />
cooperati<strong>on</strong><br />
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