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contents CONTENTS List of Color Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter One Mosaic Pavements Adorning Buildings in the Hellenistic–Early Roman Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 A Floor Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Mosaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Mosaic Pavements Decorating Herodian Palaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Mosaic Pavements Revealed in Private Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Mosaics Discovered in Desert Fortress Palaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B Motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Geometric Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Plant Motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Varia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Black and White Mosaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 C Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter Two The Jewish Symbols Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 The Jewish Symbols Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A The Torah Shrine and Its Artistic Depiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Artistic Renditions of the Torah Shrine Enclosing the Ark of the Scrolls . . . . . . . . . . 23 B Accompanying Ritual Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter Three The Zodiac Panel and Its Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 A Description of the Zodiac Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 The Central (Inner) Circle: Helios, the Sun God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 The Outer Circle: the Signs of the Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The Four Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 B Iconographic Sources and Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 C Meaning and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Chapter Four Biblical Narrative Themes and Images: Representation, Origin, and Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 A Biblical Scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 The Binding of Isaac (The Aqedah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Noah’s Ark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 King David at the Gaza Synagogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 David with Goliath’s Weapons at the Meroth Synagogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Daniel in the Lions’ Den . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 The Twelve Tribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 vii
Page 2 and 3: 294 glossary
Page 5 and 6: Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
Page 7: contents To my beloved granddaughte
Page 11 and 12: contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
Page 13 and 14: list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
Page 15 and 16: list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
Page 17 and 18: list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
Page 19 and 20: list of color plates xvii Authority
Page 21 and 22: list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
Page 23 and 24: list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
Page 25 and 26: list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
Page 27 and 28: list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
Page 29 and 30: foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
Page 31 and 32: One of the most significant and fru
Page 33 and 34: pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
Page 35 and 36: mosaic pavements adorning buildings
Page 47 and 48: Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
Page 49 and 50: Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
Page 51 and 52: to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
Page 53 and 54: ut all served as repositories for t
Page 55 and 56: pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
Page 57 and 58: open ark with scrolls is depicted,
Page 59 and 60:
are rendered in non-identical symme
Page 61 and 62:
pavements of Samarian synagogues an
Page 63 and 64:
of two columns surmounting an arche
Page 65 and 66:
A group of ancient synagogues disco
Page 67 and 68:
the zodiac panel and its significan
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
Page 77 and 78:
The Summer attributes, the sickle a
Page 79 and 80:
Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
Page 81 and 82:
Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
Page 83 and 84:
A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
Page 85 and 86:
the four seasons, representing the
Page 87 and 88:
iblical narrative themes and images
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Jonah biblical narrative themes and
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
Page 129 and 130:
iconographic elements of nilotic sc
Page 131 and 132:
I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
Page 133 and 134:
I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
Page 135 and 136:
II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
Page 137 and 138:
II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
Page 139 and 140:
III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
Page 141 and 142:
III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
Page 143 and 144:
III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
Page 145 and 146:
III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
Page 147 and 148:
III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
Page 149 and 150:
III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
Page 151 and 152:
IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
Page 153 and 154:
IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
Page 155 and 156:
IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
Page 157 and 158:
IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
Page 159 and 160:
V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
Page 161 and 162:
V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
Page 165 and 166:
shown standing on the river bank as
Page 167 and 168:
The depiction of a putto riding a c
Page 169 and 170:
Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
Page 171 and 172:
Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
Page 173 and 174:
The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
Page 175 and 176:
donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
Page 177 and 178:
naturalistic in execution, and unli
Page 179 and 180:
which contains objects flanked by s
Page 181 and 182:
Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
Page 183 and 184:
the outer ones; the second survivin
Page 185 and 186:
Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
Page 187 and 188:
Group III consists of the mosaics e
Page 189 and 190:
the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
Page 191 and 192:
Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
Page 193 and 194:
Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
Page 195 and 196:
Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 197 and 198:
Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 199 and 200:
In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 201 and 202:
four amphorae in the centre of the
Page 203 and 204:
On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
Page 205 and 206:
to have grapes of both styles (pl.
Page 207 and 208:
ightly observes that the different
Page 209 and 210:
grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
Page 211 and 212:
Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214:
Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
Page 215 and 216:
Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
Page 217 and 218:
The forerunners for these vintage s
Page 219 and 220:
Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
Page 221 and 222:
Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
Page 223 and 224:
iconographic aspects of rural life
Page 225 and 226:
scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 227 and 228:
Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
likewise surround the basin of the
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
Page 239 and 240:
443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
Page 241 and 242:
Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244:
Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
Page 245 and 246:
irds, apparently created by the Fou
Page 247 and 248:
in an intercolumnar space (Church o
Page 249 and 250:
the seasons with deliberate differe
Page 251 and 252:
personification of natural forces 1
Page 253 and 254:
crook Spring’s attribute at the B
Page 255 and 256:
personification of natural forces 1
Page 257 and 258:
while in mosaics of the Greek East
Page 259 and 260:
Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
Page 261 and 262:
Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
Page 263 and 264:
designs of symmetrical antithetic a
Page 265 and 266:
(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
Page 267 and 268:
a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
Page 269 and 270:
long-horned deer drinking from a sp
Page 271 and 272:
iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
A significant subject in ancient ar
Page 283 and 284:
These compositions with division in
Page 285 and 286:
frequent ornamentation of the synag
Page 287 and 288:
(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
Page 289 and 290:
Some scholars propose that depictio
Page 291 and 292:
V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
Page 293 and 294:
V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
Page 295 and 296:
VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
Page 297 and 298:
VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
Page 299 and 300:
VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
Page 301 and 302:
VI.8
Page 303 and 304:
VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
Page 305 and 306:
VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
Page 307 and 308:
VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
Page 309 and 310:
VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
Page 311 and 312:
VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
Page 313 and 314:
VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
Page 315 and 316:
VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
Page 317 and 318:
VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
Page 319 and 320:
VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
Page 321 and 322:
VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
Page 323 and 324:
Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
Page 325 and 326:
similar in the general depiction of
Page 327 and 328:
etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
Page 329 and 330:
part are evidently connected: almos
Page 331 and 332:
etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
Page 333 and 334:
Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
Page 335 and 336:
time. They might have contained gen
Page 337 and 338:
Artists, workshops and schools of m
Page 339 and 340:
• The same artisans are mentioned
Page 341 and 342:
1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
Page 343 and 344:
characteristically mixed origin of
Page 345 and 346:
The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
Page 347 and 348:
on horseback spearing a leopard wit
Page 349 and 350:
Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
Page 351 and 352:
Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
Page 353 and 354:
mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
Page 355 and 356:
Dating The Monastery was dated by i
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
connections with Egypt, and perhaps
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
different themes based on comparabl
Page 365 and 366:
esults were mosaics in the old Diak
Page 367 and 368:
Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
Page 369 and 370:
epeated use was supplemented by fre
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
of designs from general pattern boo
Page 375 and 376:
concluding remarks, comments, and o
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
Page 385 and 386:
Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
Page 387 and 388:
VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
Page 389 and 390:
VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
Page 391 and 392:
VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
Page 393 and 394:
VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
Page 395 and 396:
VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
Page 397 and 398:
VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
Page 399 and 400:
VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
Page 401 and 402:
VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
Page 403 and 404:
IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
Page 405 and 406:
IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
Page 407 and 408:
X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
Page 409 and 410:
X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
Page 411 and 412:
XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
Page 413 and 414:
XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
Page 415 and 416:
XII.2
Page 417 and 418:
XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
Page 419 and 420:
XII.6 Similarities between animals:
Page 421 and 422:
XII.8 Similarities between animals
Page 423 and 424:
glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
Page 425 and 426:
list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
Page 427 and 428:
Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
Page 429 and 430:
1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
Page 431 and 432:
2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
Page 433 and 434:
The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
Page 435 and 436:
1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
Page 437 and 438:
1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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