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40 a picture placed in the centre of a frame with specific details related to Sol Invictus. The sun god of Beth "Alpha, however, is integrated totally and is harmonious with the rest of the design. The Sepphoris inner circle is unique in the rendition of the sun instead of the sun god. The Outer Circle: the Signs of the Zodiac The outer circle is apportioned into twelve radial units, one for every zodiac sign, each of which matches precisely one of the twelve months of the Jewish year. Each sign is followed by its name in Hebrew; at Sepphoris alone the Hebrew name of the month is added. Aries is the first sign, being the first month of spring. The signs (representing months) correspond to the seasons at Hammath Tiberias and Sepphoris but not at Beth "Alpha and Na#aran. The zodiac signs show a wide range of styles from synagogue to synagogue. In all the zodiacs the animals are drawn in profile, facing forwards (figs. III-3,4; Table III-1). At Hammath Tiberias, Huseifa and Sepphoris the zodiac figures are directed inwards, their heads towards the central circle. At Beth "Alpha and Na#aran the signs are directed outwards, with their feet towards the central circle. In every synagogue zodiac, all the human figures for the signs and seasons have the same features of face and body and similar hairstyles. The figures of the upper half face the viewer, but in the lower half they are sometimes inverted. All the human and animal figures of the Hammath Tiberias floor are in motion; the male figures are similar in their features and are naked; at Beth "Alpha, Sepphoris, and Na#aran, on the other hand, they are clothed and standing. At Huseifa, the remains of the figure of Sagittarius show that he too was apparently naked (Avi-Yonah 1934: 125). At Sepphoris the zodiac signs (of which only four are well preserved) are each accompanied by a star at the top and by figures of draped, or almost naked, young men, all barefoot except one; all have the same facial features and hairstyle. Some of these are part of the sign and show an active posture: for instance, the sign of Libra shows the youth carrying a pair of scales; in that of Pisces the youth holds two fish on a hook. The other youths are depicted simply standing next to the sign, such as Cancer and Scorpio, or in chapter three front of the animal signs of Taurus, Aries, and Leo (pls. III.7-10). 3 At Huseifa only fragments of five signs were found and no inscriptions, and at Na#aran little survived as most of the signs had been damaged by iconoclasts. Aries (lamb, Tale) (pl III.7a; fig. III-6). At Hammath Tiberias and Sepphoris the lamb is shown in profile running while at Sepphoris the sign shows the lamb and the remains of a youth standing in front of the animal. At Beth "Alpha and Na#aran the ram is standing. The last letter of the sign’s Hebrew name at Beth "Alpha is aleph instead of he. Two hind legs of the lamb have remained at Huseifa. Taurus (Bull, Shor) (pl. III.7b; fig. III-6). At Hammath Tiberias the bull in profile is rendered running left; at Sepphoris only the forelegs of the destroyed running bull survived, and the remains of a youth holding a staff appears standing in front. At Beth "Alpha the bull is shown in profile standing. Gemini (Twins, Te’omim) (pl. III.7c; fig. III-6). At Hammath Tiberias only one naked youth remains intact, whereas at Sepphoris, the remains of two naked youths are shown, one on the right holding a lyre and the other on the left holding a club; this is quite similar to the posture of the two embracing youths depicted at Beth "Alpha. At Huseifa and Na#aran the sign is destroyed. Cancer (Crab, Sartan) (pl. III.8a; fig. III-7). At Hammath Tiberias only the end of the crab’s claws have survived, whereas at Sepphoris the crab turns to the right, accompanied by a youth dressed in a tunic and black shoes. At Beth "Alpha 3 An interesting comparison can be seen in 2nd-3rdcentury mosaic floor at Hellin (Spain, Albacete province). The mosaic composition consists of geometric patterns of octagons, circles and ellipses (Stern 1981: 442, Table 1, Pls. X, XI, 26-27; Gundel 1992: No. 212). Each of twelve octagons contains a winged allegorical personification of the month holding or resembling a zodiac sign, accompanied by the appropriate figure of the god and the name of the month. Some of the months in the octagons have been destroyed; the remaining ones are April, represented by Venus assisting Taurus; May, with Mercury holding the Gemini twins; September, with a figure holding scales and being assisted by Vulcan; October, with a figure holding a scorpion accompanied by Mars; November, with Sagittarius and Isis.
the zodiac panel and its significance 41 Figure III-6. Illustrated table of three zodiac signs—Arias, Taurus, and Gemini—on mosaic pavements at Hammath Tiberias, Sepphoris, Huseifa, Beth "Alpha, and Na#aran. Figure III-7. Illustrated table of three zodiac signs—Cancer, Leo, and Virgo—on mosaic pavements at Hammath Tiberias, Sepphoris, Beth "Alpha, and Na#aran.
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
Page 19 and 20: list of color plates xvii Authority
Page 21 and 22: list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
Page 23 and 24: list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
Page 25 and 26: list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
Page 27 and 28: list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
Page 29 and 30: foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
Page 31 and 32: One of the most significant and fru
Page 33 and 34: pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
Page 35 and 36: mosaic pavements adorning buildings
Page 47 and 48: Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
Page 49 and 50: Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
Page 51 and 52: to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
Page 53 and 54: ut all served as repositories for t
Page 55 and 56: pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
Page 57 and 58: open ark with scrolls is depicted,
Page 59 and 60: are rendered in non-identical symme
Page 61 and 62: pavements of Samarian synagogues an
Page 63 and 64: of two columns surmounting an arche
Page 65 and 66: A group of ancient synagogues disco
Page 67 and 68: the zodiac panel and its significan
Page 69: the zodiac panel and its significan
Page 73 and 74: the zodiac panel and its significan
Page 75 and 76: the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
Page 77 and 78: The Summer attributes, the sickle a
Page 79 and 80: Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
Page 81 and 82: Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
Page 83 and 84: A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
Page 85 and 86: the four seasons, representing the
Page 87 and 88: iblical narrative themes and images
Page 95 and 96: Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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iblical narrative themes and images
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
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Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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likewise surround the basin of the
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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