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288 with it varied inhabitants, its produce, and its work needed to maintain it: in a complete programme of decoration, the earthy creation on the floor would complement the heavenly sphere of the apse and vaults, while the walls illustrate God’s covenant with man’. Though the formal iconography is sometimes age-old, new forms are crafted and other patterns are altered. Many of the traditional elements are preserved, while change is apparent in the compositions, especially in the diverse artistic creations. Old traditions merge with new conceptions displaying the changing spirit of the period. Artists perceived and applied suppleness in the relation of image and concept. The iconography of many of the images was not revered, and the attitudes, postures, and other features of the illustrations were conventional but not determined or chapter thirteen shaped by a systematic canon. No major centre of authority seems to have existed, controlling or directing the iconographic repertory. Usually there was no single accepted manner for the portrayal of the images, but there was an inclination to limit the iconographic assortment and to repeat traditional schemes, patterns, and formulae. The variety of representational types such as actions, postures, costumes, and attributes could be changed, and might vary from a simple hint to a detailed description, not always conveying the same concept. Influences on the formation of the visual imagery came from literary conventions, tradition, and ritual customs, as well as contemporary art; religious, philosophic, social and historic manifestations are expressed through the illustrative construction of the mosaics.
list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Site Date Centuries CE Israel (Palaestina Prima & Secunda) Structure type #Asida, Khirbet 5th. church Be"er Shem#a 6th church Be"er Sheva 6th baptistry Berachot, Horvat 6th church Beth-"Alpha 518-527 synagogue Beth Leontis, Beth She"an 5th mansion Beth Loya, Horvat 6th church Beth She"an, small synagogue B 6th synagogue Beth She"an, synagogue A Caesarea: Synagogue Samaritan (?) • • • • Seasons mosaic (Field C) Ibex mosaic (Area NN) Inhabited scrolls (Room 11029) Birds mosaic (Field Q) c. 450 5th-6th 6th 6th mansion hall villa mansion Deir el-’Asfur 6th chapel? Ed-Deir, Khirbet 5th-6th cave-church El-Beiyûdât, Khirbet 5th-6th church El-Hammam, Beth She"an c. 530 tomb chamber El-Hirbe 4th Samaritan synagogue El-Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin 6th chapel El-Waziya, Horvat 6th church Emmaus 5th-6th Villa? or church? ‘En Gedi 6th synagogue ‘En Hanniya 5th-6th church ‘Evron 5th church Gaza-Maiumas (Gaza Strip) 508/9 synagogue Haditha 6th chapel Hammath Gader 6th synagogue Hammath Tiberias 4th synagogue Hazor-Ashdod 512 church Herodium, eastern church 5th-6th church Hippos-Sussita, North-East church late 5th-6th church Huseifa Jabaliyah (Gaza Strip) ecclesiastic complex: late 5th-6th synagogue • Diakonikon • Baptistry • Church 451 6th 732 diakonikon Baptistry church Jericho 6th-7th synagogue
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
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Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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likewise surround the basin of the
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
Page 331 and 332: etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
Page 333 and 334: Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
Page 335 and 336: time. They might have contained gen
Page 337 and 338: Artists, workshops and schools of m
Page 339 and 340: • The same artisans are mentioned
Page 341 and 342: 1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
Page 343 and 344: characteristically mixed origin of
Page 345 and 346: The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
Page 347 and 348: on horseback spearing a leopard wit
Page 349 and 350: Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
Page 351 and 352: Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
Page 353 and 354: mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
Page 355 and 356: Dating The Monastery was dated by i
Page 359 and 360: connections with Egypt, and perhaps
Page 363 and 364: different themes based on comparabl
Page 365 and 366: esults were mosaics in the old Diak
Page 367 and 368: Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
Page 369 and 370: epeated use was supplemented by fre
Page 373 and 374: of designs from general pattern boo
Page 375 and 376: concluding remarks, comments, and o
Page 381: concluding remarks, comments, and o
Page 385 and 386: Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
Page 387 and 388: VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
Page 389 and 390: VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
Page 391 and 392: VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
Page 393 and 394: VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
Page 395 and 396: VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
Page 397 and 398: VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
Page 399 and 400: VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
Page 401 and 402: VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
Page 403 and 404: IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
Page 405 and 406: IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
Page 407 and 408: X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
Page 409 and 410: X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
Page 411 and 412: XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
Page 413 and 414: XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
Page 415 and 416: XII.2
Page 417 and 418: XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
Page 419 and 420: XII.6 Similarities between animals:
Page 421 and 422: XII.8 Similarities between animals
Page 423 and 424: glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
Page 425 and 426: list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
Page 427 and 428: Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
Page 429 and 430: 1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
Page 431 and 432: 2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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