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270 The School of Madaba Piccirillo conducted thorough research, and published the mosaics of Jordan. He proposes (1989: 324-342) that the School of Madaba is actually various teams of mosaicists that worked at Madaba and in the environs Mt. Nebo and Umm al-Rasas. Piccirillo maintains that these teams were chapter twelve Figure XII-14. Caesarea, birds mosaic. influenced in their repertory and composition by other centres of the Byzantine Empire, and gradually developed examplars from the original Hellenistic period with the re-awakening of a Classical style which reached its peak in the Justinian era. Piccirillo dates 530 as the starting point of the golden age of Jordan mosaics. Among the earliest
esults were mosaics in the old Diakonikon-Baptistry chapel of the Memorial of Moses at Siyagha (530) and in St. George’s church at Mukhayyat (535/6), both on Mt. Nebo, which were accomplished by known artists: Piccirillo (2005-6: 415-427) describes teams of mosaicists that designate several schools or workshops which produced mosaic pavements in the area from the late 5th to the 8th century. Inscriptions indicate the creation of pavements by one or teams of two or three mosaicists. Two teams of three mosaicists worked at Mt. Nebo, two kilometres apart. The members of one team, who signed their names Soel, Kaium, and Elias in an inscription, composed the mosaics of the the old Diakonikon-Baptistry (Piccirillo 1993: 22, 146, figs. 166,183; 1998: 274-277, figs. 12-13,23-40). An inscription records that mosaicists of the second team, Nauma, Kyriakos, and Thomas, worked on the mosaic of the St. George’s church pavement (Piccirillo 1993: 178, figs. 244, 248; 1998: 320). This mosaic is composed of the inhabited acanthus scroll design depicting scenes of vintage and hunting in the medallions, and an ornate border with personification of the seasons and masks. The field and border design of this mosaic is similar to that on the pavement of the inhabited acanthus scroll in the Upper Chapel of the Priest John at Mukhayyat, (Piccirillo 1993: 38, figs. 230-245). Especially comparable are the renditions of the personification of Ge with the two young offerers at her sides. A third team of mosaicists was active in the Mt. Nebo region and its work was based on the same stylistic tradition. This team composed two of the inhabited vine scroll mosaics: the lower pavement of the chapel of Priest John and the lower mosaic of the Kaianus Church in #Uyun Musa Valley on Mt. Nebo (Piccirillo 1989: 335; 1993: 21, 176, 189, figs. 234-243, 271-275). Piccirillo (1993: 21, figs. 422-423, 429, 431,434,436,440) proposes that the same stylistic tradition is evident in two other mosaics in the area of Esbus: the west panel of the sanctuary in the upper church of Massuh and the pavement in the north lower church; their relationship is apparent in the lettering of the inscriptions, the crow-step band, and the same rigidity of animals and birds albeit with inconsistency in execution. A fourth team of mosaicists was active in the village of Nebo and produced the two mosaics in the church of Sts. Lot and Procopius and in the Upper Chapel of the Priest John (Piccirillo 1998: mosaicists, workshops, and the repertory 271 366). These two pavements have the same pattern of chiaroscuro on bodies of animals (Saller and Bagatti 1949: 123). Figures are similar in the portrayal of faces, eyes, and in the work on hands, legs, and feet (Piccirillo 1993: figs. 202, 207, 218-220; 2005-6: 415). The mosaic of the Church of the Deacon Thomas in #Uyun Musa on Mt. Nebo (Piccirillo 1993: 187, figs. 253-256, 265; 1998: 330-343), has some parallel scenes, and some of the figures are similar to those on the mosaic of Sts. Lot and Procopius rendered in a superior quality (pls. VII.10,11) (Piccirillo 1993: 165-6, figs. 202-207; 1998: 344-350); the Deacon Thomas figures are less naturalistic, but some of the rendition and colour is better). The Madaba mosaics of the Chapel of the Martyr Theodore, the upper Bapistery chapel (the Cathedral church complex) and the Madaba mosaic map can perhaps be attributed to the same group identified as the School of Madaba (Piccirillo 1991: 121; 1993: 34, 96, 118, 174, 206, figs. 96-97, 62-72, 103, 202, 209, 252-253; 1993a: 27, 32). Two workshops were active in the town of Umm al-Rasas–Kastron Mefaa in the late 6th century at the time of Bishop Sergius, and a third workshop operated in the 8th century (Piccirillo 1995: 397; 2002: 548). One workshop team was responsible for four mosaic pavements; the mosaics of the Church of Bishop Sergius (within the castrum) and of the Church of the Rivers (the northern of the two joined churches inside the wall) were paved by the same mosaicists (Piccirillo 1995: 393). The two are rendered in the same style. The nave mosaics are designed with the similar inhabited acanthus scroll field and vine scrolls border (Piccirillo 1993: 234, 240, figs. 365, 369, 389-392). The same team probably worked on the mosaic of the Church of the Priest Wa"il, which show similar technique and colour, and similar treatment of the face and trees, although the execution is inaccurate and more naïve (Piccirillo 1995: 397). The same workshop most likely executed the St. Paul’s church (Piccirillo 2002: 548-549). Stylistic affinities can be found also with other mosaics dated to the second half of the 6th century: the mosaic of the crypt of St. Elianus at Madaba with the rainbow technique (Piccirillo 1993: 125, figs. 124-127; 131-136), and the Theotokos Chapel in the monastery at #Ayn al-Kanisah on Mt. Nebo (Piccirillo 1998: 363, note 88) (pl. X.3). These churches were used at
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
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Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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likewise surround the basin of the
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
Page 313 and 314: VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
Page 315 and 316: VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
Page 317 and 318: VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
Page 319 and 320: VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
Page 321 and 322: VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
Page 323 and 324: Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
Page 325 and 326: similar in the general depiction of
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Page 329 and 330: part are evidently connected: almos
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Page 333 and 334: Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
Page 335 and 336: time. They might have contained gen
Page 337 and 338: Artists, workshops and schools of m
Page 339 and 340: • The same artisans are mentioned
Page 341 and 342: 1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
Page 343 and 344: characteristically mixed origin of
Page 345 and 346: The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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Page 349 and 350: Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
Page 351 and 352: Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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Page 363: different themes based on comparabl
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Page 375 and 376: concluding remarks, comments, and o
Page 383 and 384: list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
Page 385 and 386: Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
Page 387 and 388: VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
Page 389 and 390: VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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Page 393 and 394: VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
Page 395 and 396: VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
Page 397 and 398: VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
Page 399 and 400: VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
Page 401 and 402: VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
Page 403 and 404: IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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Page 407 and 408: X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
Page 409 and 410: X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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