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260 are depicted in various patterns (fig. XII-12a,b). Some likeness is seen in the bird in the lower panel in the House of Leontis and the birds flanking the vase in the synagogue border panel (fig. XII- 12c,d). The Imahof monastery mosaic has similar birds to the Leontis House birds (Ovadiah and Ovadiah 1987: 32, pl. XXVI). Fowls and birds are similar in execution and style in the synagogue (flanking the inscriptions, and in the broad outer frame), the House of Leontis lower panel, the squares and rhombs of Monastery hall A, outside the medallions of room L, and in the round medallions of Chapel G (figs. XII-12c-g). The rooster in the synagogue (next to the inscription) is similar to the roosters in chapel room G (fig. XII-12h,i). Miscellaneous The amphorae of the synagogue and room L are identical (fig. VI-18). The baskets filling the squares and medallions in Monastery Hall A mosaic and those in the broad outer frame of the synagogue mosaic in room L have many similarities (figs. VI-10,13). A similar round band with chiaroscuro (dentiles design) encircles the menorah on the synagogue chapter twelve Figure XII-9. Human figures on Beth She"an mosaics. mosaic, the inscription in the central panel of the House of Leontis, and the busts of the moon and the sun in the Monastery Hall A mosaic (pls. VIII.4a, XI.1b, XII.4b). Style The mosaic figures and objects are designed on a white background, the figures are outlined by a dark line, heads are in almost complete frontal view, the body is depicted in a three-quarter view to the right, and large eyes look to one side; almost all figures are represented with curly hear. The two hands of every figure are rendered close together, holding an object. The tesserae of the faces are smaller than those of the bodies. The garments of the figures in the Monastery Hall A and Room L are similar. The animals are rendered in profile with their heads forward or turning back, and anatomical details are schematic (figs. XII-10,11). The dark outline colour creates flat figures, and few details are apparent. Sometimes a more naturalistic approach was created by the mosaicist, with movement and naturalistic features in several animals, especially in the synagogue border mosaic.
Dating The Monastery was dated by its two mosaic inscriptions to 567-9 (Fitzgerald 1939: 2) and it is the only absolutely dated mosaic. The dating of the House of Leontis mosaic, determined by the excavator and other scholars as the mid-5th century, perhaps continued in use until the 7th century (Zori 1966: 124; Lifshitz mosaicists, workshops, and the repertory 261 Figure XII-10. Animal figures on Beth She"an mosaics. 1974: 82; Roth-Gerson 1987: 37-8 based on the dedication inscription in the central panel of the House of Leontis; Talgam 1999: 82). However, none of the scholars supported their dating with any kind of evidence. Avi Yonah (1981: 275) dated the House of Leontis to the 6th century, again, without providing any verification. The synagogue mosaic was dated by the excavator to
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
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Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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likewise surround the basin of the
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
Page 303 and 304: VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
Page 305 and 306: VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
Page 307 and 308: VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
Page 309 and 310: VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
Page 311 and 312: VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
Page 313 and 314: VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
Page 315 and 316: VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
Page 317 and 318: VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
Page 319 and 320: VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
Page 321 and 322: VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
Page 323 and 324: Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
Page 325 and 326: similar in the general depiction of
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Page 329 and 330: part are evidently connected: almos
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Page 333 and 334: Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
Page 335 and 336: time. They might have contained gen
Page 337 and 338: Artists, workshops and schools of m
Page 339 and 340: • The same artisans are mentioned
Page 341 and 342: 1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
Page 343 and 344: characteristically mixed origin of
Page 345 and 346: The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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Page 349 and 350: Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
Page 351 and 352: Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
Page 353: mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Page 375 and 376: concluding remarks, comments, and o
Page 383 and 384: list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
Page 385 and 386: Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
Page 387 and 388: VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
Page 389 and 390: VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
Page 391 and 392: VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
Page 393 and 394: VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
Page 395 and 396: VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
Page 397 and 398: VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
Page 399 and 400: VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
Page 401 and 402: VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
Page 403 and 404: IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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