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236 observance of the Jewish agricultural principles concerning tithes and Seventh-Year produce in the Holy Land. The list of regions and fruits appears in the Talmud too. The inscription is dated later than the 5th century according to the archaeological finds in the synagogue—perhaps as late as the 7th century. Sussmann (1981: 151) maintains that this unique inscription ‘achieved several purposes: ornamentation, instruction in the Law, and expression of regional “patriotism”. Notably, these two literary inscriptions were not rendered in the nave mosaic but in the side narthex. The presentation of the written word on the pavement and its preference over the figured designs might have been the decision of the local community and probably do not indicate a later date. Church inscriptions were mostly dedications and commemorations, mentioning the builders, emperors, saints, clergy, monks, the church hierarchy, and many patrons and members of the congregation. Like the dedicatory inscriptions in synagogues, the church inscriptions were offered for the salvation of the donors, and often include the formula ‘For the salvation of’ followed by the donor’s or founder’s name, with an added prayer or request (Avi-Yonah 1933: 68 and notes 10, 17, 18, 19; Roth-Gerson 1987: 150; Piccirillo 1993: 45). Inscriptions mention the vows that were probably the reason for the donation, a request for forgiveness of sins, in memory of a family deceased, all similar to the Greek inscriptions in synagogues (fig. XI-6). As noted, church inscriptions occasionally name emperors, but only on one synagogue pavement inscription (Beth ‘Alpha) is an emperor named: Justinian. Some church inscriptions mention the deity by a monogram appellation (Avi-Yonah 1933: 69). Some church inscriptions use biblical citations, mainly from Psalms. Examples are an inscription from a cave-church at Khirbet ed-Deir in the Judaean desert rendering Psalms 105: 4-5 in Greek from the Septuagint (Hirschfeld 1993: 247) and an inscription from the northern church at Herodium (fig. XI-6b) partly taken from Psalms 117: 20 (Netzer et al. 1993: 222). Several inscriptions give excerpts from Isaiah 11: 6-8; 65: 25 and Psalms 51: 21, to identify depictions of pairs of confronting animals illustrating the vision of the End of the Days or the Peaceful Kingdom (pls. IV.8, figs. IV-22, 23). chapter eleven Only few inscriptions of synagogues and churches pavements in Israel include dates. Some use the years of the emperor, such as the Beth ‘Alpha inscription. Several inscriptions give the date of the building’s completion or renovation, such as those in the Gaza synagogues (Naveh 1978: 5; Roth-Gerson 1987: no.21); the monastery of Lady Mary in Beth-She"an; and the churches of Hazor-Ashdod, Khirbet el-Beiyudat (Hismi 1990: 160), Kissufim (Cohen 1980: 18-19; 1990: 277), Shavei Zion (Avi-Yonah 1967: 59-60) and Shellal. A number of church mosaics in Jordan include inscriptions of the bishops of Madaba and Gerasa, which enabled scholars to prepare a complete list of these prelates and facilitated dating of a number of pavements (Piccirillo 1993: 44-5, figs. 124); the inscriptions also provide records that buildings were constructed and decorated by means of church funds as well as contributions by donors, who included government officials. The inscriptions mention the saint, monk, or priest through whose zeal the holy place was built, and with the help of God and Jesus Christ (Saller and Bagatti 1949: 202-203). Several church inscriptions, notably at Umm al-Rasas and Rihab, give the dates of buildings completed in the 7th and 8th centuries. This demonstrates that although the struggle between the Arabian tribes and the Byzantine empire was ongoing, it did not immediately disrupt life in Arabian towns and villages. In sum, the differences in the synagogue and church inscriptions exceed the similarities: the appearance of inscriptions on mosaic pavement of synagogues is earlier in date. They appear already in the 4th century (Hammath Tiberias) whereas those on church floors began only in the 5th century. The language in the synagogues is mostly Aramaic and Greek, and Hebrew for explanatory inscriptions; in the churches it is almost exclusively Greek. The literary and explanatory inscriptions in Hebrew (biblical and in the zodiac) appear only on synagogue floors, while Greek inscriptions with biblical citations from Isaiah and Psalms appear occasionally on church floors, and once in Hebrew on the pavement of the Beth Midrash of Meroth. Prayers and requests are common among church inscriptions and quite rare on synagogues. Fairly often the church inscriptions use various expressions for God, for example, ‘Lord’, ‘Lord the son Christ’ (Herodium, north Church: Netzer et al. 1990: 221-2), ‘Holy spirit’ (Beth Hashitta:
etween synagogue and church 237 Figure XI-6. Church inscriptions of donors: a. Kissufim; b. Herodium, northern church; c. Beth Loya. Aharoni 1954 ) ‘Christ’s Grace’ (Hazor-Ashdod: Ovadiah 1987: 67) or the rare ‘Lord God of Hosts’ (Haditha: Avi-Yonah 1972: 120-121, pl. 23: B). None appear on synagogue inscriptions. The usual location of the inscriptions recording donors, benefactors and donations on mosaic floors is within a tabula ansata, a wreath, or a rectangular panel. Many of the inscriptions are placed above or below the portrayed themes; often these inscriptions show no direct connection between the donor and a particular mosaic panel. However, some inscriptions appear in odd locations, usually in close association with the mosaic ornamentation. Several inscriptions are placed in odd positions on the Na#aran synagogue mosaic upper
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
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Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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likewise surround the basin of the
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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Page 291 and 292: V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
Page 293 and 294: V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
Page 295 and 296: VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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Page 299 and 300: VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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Page 303 and 304: VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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Page 313 and 314: VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
Page 315 and 316: VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
Page 317 and 318: VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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Page 323 and 324: Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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Page 327 and 328: etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
Page 329: part are evidently connected: almos
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Page 335 and 336: time. They might have contained gen
Page 337 and 338: Artists, workshops and schools of m
Page 339 and 340: • The same artisans are mentioned
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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