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2 and issues associated with the mosaic pavements of this period. The selected studies are compiled into several chapters. Chapter I describes the mosaic pavements adorning buildings in the Hellenistic–early Roman period with some comparisons to contemporary mosaic pavements in other regions. Chapters II to IV survey and discuss the panel themes according to the order of the tripartite composition of some of the synagogue mosaic pavements. This carpet has a field usually divided lengthwise into three panels, each thematically distinct with a recurring design and theme: chapter II is devoted to the Jewish symbols panel, situated before Torah shrine, containing a depiction of a Torah shrine or ark flanked by a pair of menoroth, each menorah in turn being flanked by two or four ritual objects. Chapter III discusses the zodiac scheme of the second panel, composed of the seasons, zodiac signs, and the Sun and moon (Chapters II and III are updated articles, Hachlili 2000, 2002). Chapter IV examines the narrative themes and images of biblical scenes sometimes depicted on the third panel. Compositions and styles are analyzed and the meaning and interpretations are discussed; sources and origins are also commented on. Chapter IV is assigned to the description and interpretation of biblical scenes, some appearing on the third panel. Chapter V deals with the iconographic elements of Nilotic scenes on mosaic pavements (updated article, Hachlili 1998a). In chapter VI the 6th-century trend of the inhabited scrolls design, featured on many of the mosaic pavements of synagogues and churches, is explained, while chapter VII examines the iconographic aspects of rural life, pastoral scenes, episodes of daily life, vintage, harvesting, animal chase and hunting, which are rendered mostly on church mosaics. Chapter VIII shows images of personification of natural forces such as Earth, Sea, rivers, labours of the months, the signs of the zodiac, seasons, and the sun and moon, which are common themes on secular and Christian mosaic pavements. Chapter IX describes the symmetrical representations of animals in an antithetic heraldic composition flanking inscriptions and various objects, which is popular on mosaic floors panels. The concern of chapter X is the distinguishing signs in the mosaics of the iconoclasm crisis: the destruction of images of living creatures, human or animal, from the decorative repertoire introduction of many Church floors and some synagogue pavements. Chapter XI compares the synagogue and church pavement decorations, which show interesting similarities and contrasts—apparently determined by the religious convictions of the Jewish and Christian communities. Chapter XII focuses on the artists and workshops that created the mosaic art and probes the sources of the repertoire and the transmission of motifs. The book’s contents are summed up in Chapter XIII, with a review of some of the evidence presented, and conclusions about the mosaic pavements created during Late Antiquity in this region. Terminology Terms for mosaics appear in a number of pavement inscriptions. The words used for mosaic were the Greek ψήφος psephos, meaning pebble (of which the earlier mosaics were made), and the Hebrew and Aramaic ספיספ. In synagogue inscriptions the Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek words for mosaics appear on several mosaic pavements: Some variations of the Hebrew and Aramaic term ספיספ appear in synagogue mosaic inscriptions. ספיספ occurs on a Hebrew dedicatory inscription on the mosaic pavement of the south portico of the courtyard at the Susiya synagogue (Gutman et al. 1981: 127-8, inscription no. 4; Naveh 1978: no. 75). A similar word is spelt in Aramaic, הסופ [יספ] on the mosaic inscription at the entrance to the Beth "Alpha synagogue; הס[פיספ]appears in the mosaic inscription of the north panel of the nave of the Hammath Gader synagogue, and הספיספ is found in the mosaic inscription before the hall façade of the Na#aran synagogue and on the mosaic pavement at the entrance to the ‘En Gedi synagogue (Naveh 1978: Nos. 35, 43, 58, 69). The odd הפספ is present in the mosaic inscription in front of the apse at the Ma#on synagogue, probably written by a mosaicist who did not know or understand the language (Naveh 1978: No.57). The same word in Greek ψήφωσίν is found in the mosaic inscription within the vine scroll at the Gaza synagogue; an interesting variation is έψήφωσεν, which appears in the mosaic inscription of the central panel of the Beth Leontis, a Jewish house at Beth She"an. On a mosaic
pavement at Caesarea the word is spelled ψήφοθεσία (Roth-Gerson 1987: nos. 7, 21, 27) In Greek church inscriptions many variations of ψήφος are found. Examples are ψήφωσίς in the inscriptions of the mosaic pavements at Hazor- Ashdod (Ovadiah 1987: 68) and Kissufim (Cohen 1980: 18); ψήφίσιν in the inscription on the El Maqerqesh small chapel floor at Beth Guvrin introduction 3 (Avi-Yonah 1932: 147, No.23,8); ψήφίδι in the Ophel, Jerusalem (Avi-Yonah 1932: 175, No.146); ψήφώσεος in an inscription at Emmaus (Avi- Yonah 1933: 53, No.346,5); ψήφώσεωίς at Hazor- Ashdod (Ovadiah 1987: 67); and έψιφώθ[η] in an inscription at the chapel of ‘Ain el Jedide (Avi- Yonah 1935: 187, No.363,2b).
Page 2 and 3: 294 glossary
Page 5 and 6: Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
Page 7 and 8: contents To my beloved granddaughte
Page 9 and 10: contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
Page 11 and 12: contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
Page 13 and 14: list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
Page 15 and 16: list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
Page 17 and 18: list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
Page 19 and 20: list of color plates xvii Authority
Page 21 and 22: list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
Page 23 and 24: list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
Page 25 and 26: list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
Page 27 and 28: list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
Page 29 and 30: foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
Page 31: One of the most significant and fru
Page 35 and 36: mosaic pavements adorning buildings
Page 47 and 48: Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
Page 49 and 50: Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
Page 51 and 52: to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
Page 53 and 54: ut all served as repositories for t
Page 55 and 56: pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
Page 57 and 58: open ark with scrolls is depicted,
Page 59 and 60: are rendered in non-identical symme
Page 61 and 62: pavements of Samarian synagogues an
Page 63 and 64: of two columns surmounting an arche
Page 65 and 66: A group of ancient synagogues disco
Page 67 and 68: the zodiac panel and its significan
Page 75 and 76: the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
Page 77 and 78: The Summer attributes, the sickle a
Page 79 and 80: Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
Page 81 and 82: Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
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Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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likewise surround the basin of the
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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