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VII.9 Animal assault scenes: a. Sepphoris, Nile Festival Building; b. Kissufim church; c. Sepphoris, Nile Festival Building, three episodes.
Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A popular design, especially in the 6th century, was the ‘inhabited scroll’ composition, which decorate a considerable number of synagogue and church pavements. The composition consists of vine branches forming medallions, usually issuing from a central amphora flanked by peacocks, horned animals, or lions at the base of the pavement. In some church and mansion pavements the vine branches issue from a central acanthus leaf or out of acanthus leaves at the four corners of the pavement ((pl. VI.1-11;Table VI-1,2). The medallions of inhabited scrolls of groups I-III, found on synagogue and church pavements alike, usually contain objects, birds, and beasts; in church pavements of groups IV-V scenes of vintage, hunting and everyday life fill some of the medallions. Although inhabited scroll compositions in synagogues and churches seem to be similar, there are some notable differences. On synagogue pavements Jewish symbols are added: at Ma#on a seven-branched menorah is flanked by two lions and ritual objects (pl. XI.1a). At Beth She"an small synagogue the central medallion contains a menorah flanked by an ethrog and a hanging lamp, and the inscription Shalom in Hebrew (pl. XI.1b; fig. VI-10). Mythological Scenes Mythological scenes demonstrating a revival of traditions and prototypes of the Classical and Hellenistic periods are found typically on pavements of mansions, but only rarely on those of synagogues and churches. Orpheus, the singer of Greek myth, who charmed wild animals with his lyre playing, is represented in Jewish art. At the Gaza synagogue, David in an adoption of the mythological-pagan figure of Orpheus is attired and crowned as a Byzantine emperor, seated on a throne, and playing the lyre (pl. IV.3). Facing him are animals, of which only a lion, a serpent, and a giraffe have survived. Orpheus was a fairly popular image in Christian art, usually identified with Christ, although the tendency is to represent him as the Good Shepherd rather than charming animals, as in pagan art. In a 6th-century chapel in Jerusalem the picture is a seated Orpheus in a Phrygian cap, holding a lyre, and surrounded by Pan, a centaur, a falcon (or eagle), a partridge, a rat, a bear, a between synagogue and church 229 sheep, a serpent, and a salamander (crocodile) (pl. IV.5). Most scholars consider this Orpheus Christian. In the Jewish House of Leontis complex at Beth-She"an, mythological scenes from Homeric poems of the Odyssey appear on the upper panel (Zori 1966: 128-9; Adler 2003: 55-68). In a scene of Odysseus and the sirens (pl. XII.4a) Odysseus is bound to the mast of his ship, while below and to the left a naked Nereid rides an ichthyocentaur. The lower scene on the same panel shows Odysseus fighting the monster Scylla, beside a siren playing a flute. It is the only scene from the Homeric poems on a mosaic pavement found in Israel, and interestingly appears on the floor of a Jewish house. The scene suggested to Avi-Yonah (1975: 54) that Byzantine Jews appreciated Homeric poems. Jentel (2000: 248) contends that the mosaic is a donation from Leontis, the rich merchant, and the mythological episode represents his own or his ship’s sea voyage to Egypt or to Italy. Adler (2003: 125-128) argues that the Odysseus scenes are usually connected with water, appearing in bath-houses, pools, and water features. In this house they may be associated with water. The themes on the pavement might have been the choice of the donor, Leontis, who may have originated in Alexandria, to show his voyage to Beth-She"an (Roth-Gerson (1987: 34, 38). The Beth She"an room decorated with the Odysseus and Nilotic themes served for secular, perhaps communal, purposes. Another possibility is that these scenes were the most attractive among the designs in a prevalent sketch book of mosaicists (Hachlili 1988: 301, 393). Mythological episodes appear more frequently on pavements of secular buildings (Merrony 1998: 444-445), such as Amazons and the Centaur at Sepphoris (Weiss and Talgam 2002: 73-83), Dionysiac thiasos and Phaedra and Hippolytus on hall mosaics at the Sheikh Zuweid villa (north Sinai, 4th-5th century?) (Clédat 1915; Ovadiah at el. 1991), Achilles, Heracles, and a Dionysiac procession in Jordan mosaics (Piccirillo 1993: 23-26,76-77, figs. 40, 43, 48). Especially noteworthy are the two scenes of the stories of Phaedra and Hippolytus, and Aphrodite and Adonis, identified by inscriptions, depicted on the mosaic pavements of Hippolytus Hall at Madaba found beneath the Church of the Virgin (Piccirillo 1993: 76-80, figs. 32-48, 55; Dunbabin 1999: 199). Other mythological themes appear on
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
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Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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likewise surround the basin of the
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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Page 315 and 316: VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
Page 317 and 318: VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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