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212 Table 13). At Korazim a large number of defaced animals and human images on reliefs and sculpture are found (Yeivin 2000: 14*-18*, figs. 77, 81, 103-106, 125, 126, 130, 137; pls. 6,1-3; 14,5; 15,3-7; 25, 1-3; 26,1: May 2000: 51*-54*). In most of these examples the images were carefully removed. It is not clear when the damage was done since many of these architectural fragments were discovered on the floor inside and outside the synagogue building, while others were found in second use. In fact, very few synagogue mosaics suffered iconoclastic damage; each is an isolated case. Na#aran, with its painstaking disfigurement and lack of repairs seems to suggest that the local Jewish community probably carried out the iconoclasm damage probably at a later phase, which did not allow further use of the mosaic. By contrast, the original animated mosaic at the Susiya synagogue was covered over and replaced by geometric designs into which small sections of the original pavement were integrated. The local Jewish community undoubtedly executed this change. More iconoclastic damage is detected on figurative reliefs and sculpture from Galilean synagogues, and on chancel screens from various sites. This might indicate that Jews were less concerned about the animated mosaic pavements that were trodden on, and were more apprehensive about the architectural decorated elements, which were literally looked up to. B. Iconoclasm in Churches Iconoclastic damage was more extensive on church mosaic pavements confined to some specific areas in Palaestina and Arabia: At the #Asida church many of the images on the nave mosaic pavement were replaced by various plants and flowers, probably with the same tesserae. Especially notable are the lion and flamingos, of which some undamaged parts have survived (figs. VI-3, X-2) (Baramki and Avi- Yonah 1934: 19, pls. X, XI 1,2). The mosaic carpets in the northern and southern aisles of Mahat el Urdi church had a geometric design of octagonal panels alternating with squares filled with human and animal figures and objects (figs. IV.24, X-3). Most of the figures suffered damage, which was not repaired (Bagatti 1972; Baramki 1972). chapter ten The central carpet of the church at Beth Loya (Patrich and Tsafrir 1993) is decorated with an inhabited vine scroll design bordered by an inhabited acanthus scroll (pl. VI.4). The aisles have a geometric design of alternating circles and squares inhabited by animal and human figures. These figures, and those in the large medallions on the southern aisle, were damaged by iconoclastic activity. However, the axial column contained objects such as a double basket, bowls full of water or fruit, and an amphora: these were not damaged (pls. VI.15d, 17e). The mosaic field on the nave of the ‘Ein Hanniya church (Baramki 1934) was also decorated with an inhabited vine scroll design containing objects, animals and birds. These too were disfigured at the time of the iconoclastic movement. At Herodium eastern church, the nave is decorated with an inhabited vine scroll, of which only three rows of three columns have survived (Netzer et al. 1993: 225). The first row has an acanthus leaf in the central medallion originally flanked by a peacock, then possibly destroyed by iconoclasts and repaired as a leaf. The mosaic pavements in the aisles of the church at Kursi (Tzaferis 1972: 176-177) show a diagonally arranged design of large and small interlacing squares; the large squares contain leaves, fruits, flowers, animals, and birds (pl. X.1c). Almost all the animated images were disfigured during the iconoclastic crisis and seem not to have been repaired. The Jabaliyah church has several mosaic pavements (Humbert 1999: 216-217; 2000: 122-125); many of the human and animal figures on the Diakonikon mosaic there, dated to the mid-5th century, suffered at the hands of the iconoclasts, though some other parts, even human faces, were not damaged (pl. VII.10). The disfigured ones were carelessly repaired with tesserae, without regard for the original figures. The northern building was a Baptistry and its mosaic suffered damage, perhaps not by iconoclasts (fig. VIII.1). The church central nave was laid at the beginning of the 8th century). The pavement of inhabited vine scrolls shows damaged representations of birds, wild game, and rustic scenes; the north aisle was paved with a geometric design including eight squares containing damaged pairs of animals facing each other (pl. X.4) (Humbert 1999: 216; 2000: 121, 126). The artist’s creation is of excellent quality and beautifully drawn, which attests that the Gaza Christian community was still in
iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of synagogues and churches 213 Figure X-2. #Asida damaged mosaic fragment. Figure X-3. Mahat el Urdi church, northern aisle.
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
Page 223 and 224: iconographic aspects of rural life
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Page 227 and 228: Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
Page 231 and 232: likewise surround the basin of the
Page 237 and 238: the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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Page 241 and 242: Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244: Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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Page 247 and 248: in an intercolumnar space (Church o
Page 249 and 250: the seasons with deliberate differe
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Page 257 and 258: while in mosaics of the Greek East
Page 259 and 260: Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
Page 261 and 262: Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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Page 267 and 268: a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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Page 281 and 282: A significant subject in ancient ar
Page 283 and 284: These compositions with division in
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Page 289 and 290: Some scholars propose that depictio
Page 291 and 292: V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
Page 293 and 294: V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
Page 295 and 296: VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
Page 297 and 298: VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
Page 299 and 300: VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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Page 303 and 304: VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
Page 305 and 306: VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
Page 307 and 308: VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
Page 309 and 310: VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
Page 311 and 312: VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
Page 313 and 314: VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
Page 315 and 316: VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
Page 317 and 318: VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
Page 319 and 320: VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
Page 321 and 322: VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
Page 323 and 324: Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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