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210 A. Iconoclasm in Synagouges Several synagogue pavements suffered from iconoclasm probably in the mid- or late 6th century. At the Na#aran synagogue all the mosaic images of humans and animals suffered extensive damage (Vincent 1961; Benoit 1961; Schick 1995: 203-4; Fine 2000: 189 with some errors in the described damage). In the upper panel in the nave, the biblical scene of Daniel in the Lions’ Den was almost completely destroyed; only Daniel’s arms and rear parts of the lions survived (figs. II-4; IV-16). In the central zodiac panel the signs and the seasons were carefully and methodically removed (pls. III.4a; X.1a; fig. X.1). Only the outlines of most of the signs survived. Three were eradicated entirely, but all the identifying Hebrew inscriptions were left untouched. In the third panel, with a geometric design of circles and hexagonals containing animals and various items, all the animals were damaged while the fruits and objects were unharmed. This mosaic was not repaired. However, the small panel rendering a pair of gazelles at the entrance of the Na#aran synagogue was carefully repaired with cubes of different sizes copying and replacing the damaged parts of the two animals (pl. X.1a). The undamaged Hebrew and Aramaic inscriptions and the panel of the Torah shrine and menoroth at Na#aran, as well as the extensive but precise iconoclastic disfigurement of the mosaic of the nave, seem to suggest that Jews executed the iconoclastic damage. The lack of repair to the nave mosaic implies that the damage was possibly done at a later phase, when further use of the mosaic in its damaged form was not possible, though the excavation yielded insufficient data to verify this suggestion. The mosaic at the Susiya synagogue shows damage and repair all over it (Gutman et al. 1981, fig. on p.123; Yeivin 1989: 95, fig. 1, 16; Fine 2000: 190). The mosaic panel in front of the second bema shows the Torah shrine flanked by a pair of menoroth and a pair of deer (pls. II.2b, X.2a); only the deer on the right was destroyed, with just a small part of the animal’s body crudely repaired with different cubes. The nave mosaic was divided into three panels: the large eastern panel, with a geometric design of squares, lozenges, and octagons originally containing birds, was damaged and crudely repaired. In the central panel the zodiac images originally covered this part of the floor; of these, only a small chapter ten section of two zodiac signs and a wing of a season survived at the south end (pl. X.2b); the panel was covered over and replaced by a geometric design with a large rosette in its centre. The western panel apparently showed Daniel in the Lions’ Den originally. Of this, only remains of a human hand, lions’ bodies and the inscription לא [ינד] [Dani]el survived (pl. X.2c). The nave mosaic was framed with a meander pattern alternating with metopes filled with birds, fruit, and flora motifs; the birds were damaged and crudely repaired. Two chancel screens found in the Susiya synagogue also show obvious signs of iconoclasm. Both show a tree flanked by animals, whose heads are damaged (Yeivin 1989: 94, figs. 8, 9). The Susiya mosaic, in contrast to the Na#aran pavement, was repaired at the time of, or a little later than, its iconoclasic destruction. This enabled the community to continue to use the Susiya synagogue floor in later periods. Several architectural fragments at the Meroth synagogue show iconoclastic damage, such as the three arch stones on which the human figures were disfigured (Ilan and Damati 1987: 47,76). The damage to several parts of the mosaics of this synagogue is regarded as deliberate by some scholars. One instance given is found on the mosaic floor of the figure of David with Goliath weapons (Ilan 1989: 24-26), has had his eyes taken out (pl. IV.6), perhaps intentionally (Fine 2000: 189). However, at a later stage (late 5th or early 6th century) the floor of hewn flagstones that had been laid over the mosaic was lifted to expose the mosaic. The eyes could have been damaged then, or at any time much later. Another mosaic pavement found in a side room (suggested as a beth midrash) of the Meroth synagogue (stage III, first half of the 7th century: Ilan 1989: 31-33, figs. 17, 18; Talgam 1987: 153) was mostly destroyed, but a lamb’s head and a wolf flanking a large vase accompanied by the Hebrew inscription of Isaiah 65: 25 are still visible (pl. IV.8a). That the lamb’s head survived might indicate that the iconoclasts did not do their work thoroughly. Similar damage was wrought on a stone lintel at this building’s entrance: the heads and bodies of two eagles shown there flanking a wreath suffered iconoclastic injury, but the accompanying Hebrew inscription was undamaged. Further destruction involves several defaced figurative reliefs, screens, and sculpture. This is observed at Galilean synagogues such as Bar‘am, Capernaum, and Tiberias (Schick 1995: 202,
iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of synagogues and churches 211 Figure X-1. Na#aran synagogue: disfigured zodiac signs.
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
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Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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