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xxiv list of figures Figure XII-7. Chapel G mosaic, Monastery of Lady Mary, Beth She"an. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Figure XII-8. Beth She"an human figures: a. House of Leontis; b-c. Hall A, Monastery of Lady Mary; d. Room L, Monastery of Lady Mary; e. House of Leontis; f. Room L, Monastery of Lady Mary; g. Hall A, Monastery of Lady Mary. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Figure XII-9. Beth She"an human figures: a. House of Leontis; b. Room L, Monastery of Lady Mary; c. House of Leontis; d. Hall A, Monastery of Lady Mary. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Figure XII-10. Beth She"an animal figures: a. Beth She"an synagogue border v. Room L, Monastery of Lady Mary; b-d. Beth She"an synagogue border v. Hall A, Monastery of Lady Mary. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . 261. Figure XII-11. Beth She"an animal figures: a. House of Leontis; b. Room L, Monastery of Lady Mary; c. Hall A, Monastery of Lady Mary; d. Beth She"an synagogue; e. Room L, Monastery of Lady Mary; f. Beth She"an synagogue; g. Room L, Monastery of Lady Mary. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . 262 Figure XII-12. Beth She"an birds figures: a. House of Leontis; b. Chapel G, Monastery of Lady Mary; c. House of Leontis; d-e. House of Leontis Hall A, Monastery of Lady Mary; d-e. Beth She"an synagogue; f. Hall A, Monastery of Lady Mary; g. Room L, Monastery of Lady Mary; h. Chapel G, Monastery of Lady Mary; i. Beth She"an synagogue border. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Figure XII-13. Ma#on pavement: a comparable pair of a. hares; b. elephants. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Figure XII-14. Caesarea, birds mosaic. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . 270 Figure XII-15. Comparable Nilometer scene: a. Sepphoris, mosaic; b. a silver plate from Perm. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; photo by G. Laron (a); after Volbach 1961: pl. 252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Figure XII-16. Comparable Orpheus scene: a. the Jerusalem mosaic; b. ivory pyxis. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (a); after Volbach 1961: pl. 28 (b). . . 277
list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES Table III-1: Comparative chart of the zodiac panels in the synagogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Table III-2: Comparable chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table V.1: Nilotic Elements on Byzantine Mosaic Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Table VI-1a: Composition and Repertory of Inhabited vine scrolls mosaic, groups I, II, III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Table VI-1b: Composition and Repertory of Inhabited vine scrolls mosaic, groups I, II, III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Table VI- 2a: Composition and Repertory of inhabited vine scrolls mosaic pavements of groups IV-V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-3 Table VI- 2b: Composition and Repertory of inhabited vine scrolls mosaic pavements of groups IV-V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134-5 Table VII.1: Vintage scenes on vine or acanthus inhabited scrolls mosaic pavements . . . . . . . . . 151 Table VII.2: Animal chase and combat scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Table VII.3: Big Game Hunting scenes on mosaic pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Table VII- 4: Rural and Pastoral scenes on inhabited scrolls and other mosaic pavements . . . . . 174
Page 2 and 3: 294 glossary
Page 5 and 6: Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
Page 7 and 8: contents To my beloved granddaughte
Page 9 and 10: contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
Page 11 and 12: contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
Page 13 and 14: list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
Page 15 and 16: list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
Page 17 and 18: list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
Page 19 and 20: list of color plates xvii Authority
Page 21 and 22: list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
Page 23 and 24: list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
Page 25: list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
Page 29 and 30: foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
Page 31 and 32: One of the most significant and fru
Page 33 and 34: pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
Page 35 and 36: mosaic pavements adorning buildings
Page 47 and 48: Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
Page 49 and 50: Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
Page 51 and 52: to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
Page 53 and 54: ut all served as repositories for t
Page 55 and 56: pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
Page 57 and 58: open ark with scrolls is depicted,
Page 59 and 60: are rendered in non-identical symme
Page 61 and 62: pavements of Samarian synagogues an
Page 63 and 64: of two columns surmounting an arche
Page 65 and 66: A group of ancient synagogues disco
Page 67 and 68: the zodiac panel and its significan
Page 75 and 76: the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
Page 77 and 78:
The Summer attributes, the sickle a
Page 79 and 80:
Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
Page 81 and 82:
Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 201 and 202:
four amphorae in the centre of the
Page 203 and 204:
On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
Page 207 and 208:
ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214:
Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 227 and 228:
Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
likewise surround the basin of the
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
Page 239 and 240:
443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
Page 241 and 242:
Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244:
Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
Page 245 and 246:
irds, apparently created by the Fou
Page 247 and 248:
in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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Page 277 and 278:
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
Page 327 and 328:
etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
Page 331 and 332:
etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
Page 367 and 368:
Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
Page 369 and 370:
epeated use was supplemented by fre
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
Page 385 and 386:
Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
Page 387 and 388:
VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
Page 391 and 392:
VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
Page 419 and 420:
XII.6 Similarities between animals:
Page 421 and 422:
XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
Page 425 and 426:
list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
Page 427 and 428:
Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
Page 433 and 434:
The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
Page 435 and 436:
1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
Page 437 and 438:
1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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