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xxii list of figures Figure VI-12. Group III: a. Beth She"an small synagogue; b. el-Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Figure VI-13. Beth She"an Monastery of Lady Mary, Room L. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Figure VI-14. el Hammam, Beth She"an. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . 130 Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Figure VI-16. Group IV: Gerasa, church of Elias, Maria, and Soreg (after Saller and Bagatti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Figure VI-17. Group V: Caesarea room pavement. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Figure VI-18. Qabr Hiram, Phoenicia, inhabited vine scrolls mosaic (after Donceel Voûte 1988: fig. 403). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Figure VII-1. The porter of grapes: a. Beth She"an, Monastery Room L; b. el Hammam; c. Caesarea; d. Gerasa, church of Elias, Maria, and Soreg. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Gerasa (after Saller and Bagatti 1949: pl. 45) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Figure VII-2. Hare eating grapes: a. three episodes, el-Hammam, Beth She"an; b. Room L, Monastery Beth She"an; c. Petra Church. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (a-b). Courtesy of Prof. T. Waliszewski and the American Center of Oriental Research, Amman (c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Figure VII-3. Animal chase: Caesarea mosaic border. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Figure VII-4. Kissufim church north aisle. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . 160 Figure VII-5. A lioness with wings seizing a swan, Kissufim church north aisle panels; b. Winged lioness attacking a swan and winged tiger devouring a bull, Haouarte, south aisle of North church (‘Michaelion’). Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (a). (b,c—after Donceel Voute 1988: figs. 73, 80) . . . 161 Figure VII-6. Kissufim church north aisle, two panels panels: a giraffe and an elephant facing each other; panel above prancing zebras. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Figure VII-7. The Megalopsychia Hunt, Yakto Complex, Antioch (after Levi 1947, II: fig. 136) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Figure VII-8. The Worchester Hunt, Antioch (after Levi 1947, II: fig. 151). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Figure VII- 9. Peaceful scene of sheep flanking a tree and nibbling foliage: a. Kissufim, church north aisle first panel; b. Jabaliyah Diakonikon pavement. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority; Courtesy of Fr. Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Ecole biblique/Revue biblique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Figure VII-10. Figure milking a goat, Kissufim church north aisle panel. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Figure VIII-1. The Four Rivers of Paradise: Bapitstery mosaic, Jabaliyah. Courtesy of Fr. Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Ecole biblique/Revue biblique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Figure VIII-2. The Four Rivers of Paradise: a. Martyr Theodore in the Cathedral complex in Madaba; b. Church of Saint Paul, Umm al-Rasas; c. Baptistery, Jabaliyah. Courtesy of Fr. Michele Piccirillo and Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Archive, Jerusalem (a, b). Courtesy of Fr. Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Ecole biblique/Revue biblique (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Figure VIII-3. Beth Guvrin, El Maqerqesh mosaic pavement (level II, Building A). Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Figure VIII-4. Caesarea Seasons mosaic. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . 187

list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5. The four seasons on the mosaic of Zliten, North Africa (after Hanfmann 1951, II: no. 135) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Figure VIII-6. The four seasons on the mosaic of Deir es-Sleib (after Donceel Voûte 1988: fig. 35) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Figure VIII-7. The four Seasons on the mosaic of the Church of Qabr Hiram (after Hanfmann 1951, II: no. 193) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Figure VIII-8. Months: Beth -She"an monastery, Hall A. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Figure IX-1. Lions flanking inscriptions: a. Hammath Tiberias; b. Sepphoris; c. Hammath Gader; d. Beth "Alpha. Sepphoris. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; drawing by P. Arad (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Figure IX-2. Pair of lions holding bulls head flanking each other: a. Sepphoris synagogue mosaic Band 1; b. Tiberias, relief. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; drawing by P. Arad (a); Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Figure IX-3. Birds flanking inscriptions: a. Gaza synagogue medallions; b. Beth She"an small synagogue mosaic panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Figure IX-4. Menoroth flanking an inscription, Huseifa synagogue panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Figure IX-5. Lulavim flanking an inscription, Tiberias north synagogue mosaic. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Figure IX-6. Caesarea ibex mosaic. Courtesy of Prof. Joseph Patrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Figure X-1. Na#aran synagogue: disfigured zodiac signs. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Figure X-2. #Asida damaged mosaic fragment, disfigured lion, bird. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Figure X-3. Beth Guvrin, Mahat el Urdi church northern aisle. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Figure XI-1. Similar pavements design: a. Horvat Berachot Church; b. Na#aran synagogue, lower panel. Courtesy of Prof. Yoram Tzafrir (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Figure XI-2. Crosses representation on church pavements (after Tzaferis 1971: figs. 78-87) . . . 225 Figure XI-3 Synagogue inscriptions of donors: a. Gaza; b. Gerasa; c. Ma"on-Nirim; d. Susiya. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Figure XI-4. #En Gedi synagogue inscription. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities. Authority . . . 234 Figure XI-5. Rehov synagogue inscriptions. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. . . . . 235 Figure XI-6 Church inscriptions of donors: a. Kissufim; b. Herodium, Northern Church; c. Beth Loya. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (a). Courtesy of Prof. Ehud Netzer (b). Courtesy of Prof. Joseph Patrich and Yoram Tsafrir (c) . . . 237 Figure XII-1. The Greek inscription of mosaicists: a. Marianos and his son Aninas at Beth "Alpha; b. Beth Shean. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . 245 Figure XII-2 Aramaic inscriptions on synagogue pavements: a. Beth She"an small synagogue; b. Kefar Kana; c. Sepphoris. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Figure XII-3. Inscription on the pavement of the Christian chapel at El Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Figure XII-4. Plan of House of Leontis complex, Beth She"an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Figure XII-5. Plan of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beth She"an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monastery of Lady Mary, Beth She"an. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

list of figures xxiii<br />

Figure VIII-5. The four seasons on the mosaic of Zliten, North Africa (after Hanfmann<br />

1951, II: no. 135) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189<br />

Figure VIII-6. The four seasons on the mosaic of Deir es-Sleib (after Donceel Voûte<br />

1988: fig. 35) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189<br />

Figure VIII-7. The four Seasons on the mosaic of the Church of Qabr Hiram (after<br />

Hanfmann 1951, II: no. 193) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190<br />

Figure VIII-8. Months: Beth -She"an monastery, Hall A. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities<br />

Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193<br />

Figure IX-1. Lions flanking inscriptions: a. Hammath Tiberias; b. Sepphoris; c. Hammath<br />

Gader; d. Beth "Alpha. Sepphoris. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the<br />

Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; drawing<br />

by P. Arad (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200<br />

Figure IX-2. Pair of lions holding bulls head flanking each other: a. Sepphoris synagogue<br />

mosaic Band 1; b. Tiberias, relief. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the<br />

Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; drawing<br />

by P. Arad (a); Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />

Figure IX-3. Birds flanking inscriptions: a. Gaza synagogue medallions; b. Beth She"an<br />

small synagogue mosaic panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />

Figure IX-4. Menoroth flanking an inscription, Huseifa synagogue panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202<br />

Figure IX-5. Lulavim flanking an inscription, Tiberias north synagogue mosaic. Courtesy<br />

of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202<br />

Figure IX-6. Caesarea ibex mosaic. Courtesy of Prof. Joseph Patrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206<br />

Figure X-1. Na#aran synagogue: disfigured zodiac signs. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities<br />

Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211<br />

Figure X-2. #Asida damaged mosaic fragment, disfigured lion, bird. Courtesy of the<br />

Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213<br />

Figure X-3. Beth Guvrin, Mahat el Urdi church northern aisle. Courtesy of the Israel<br />

Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213<br />

Figure XI-1. Similar pavements design: a. Horvat Berachot Church; b. Na#aran synagogue,<br />

lower panel. Courtesy of Prof. Yoram Tzafrir (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222<br />

Figure XI-2. Crosses representation on church pavements (after Tzaferis 1971: figs. 78-87) . . . 225<br />

Figure XI-3 Synagogue inscriptions of donors: a. Gaza; b. Gerasa; c. Ma"on-Nirim;<br />

d. Susiya. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233<br />

Figure XI-4. #En Gedi synagogue inscription. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities. Authority . . . 234<br />

Figure XI-5. Rehov synagogue inscriptions. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. . . . . 235<br />

Figure XI-6 Church inscriptions of donors: a. Kissufim; b. Herodium, Northern Church;<br />

c. Beth Loya. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (a). Courtesy of<br />

Prof. Ehud Netzer (b). Courtesy of Prof. Joseph Patrich and Yoram Tsafrir (c) . . . 237<br />

Figure XII-1. The Greek inscription of mosaicists: a. Marianos and his son Aninas at<br />

Beth "Alpha; b. Beth Shean. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . 245<br />

Figure XII-2 Aramaic inscriptions on synagogue pavements: a. Beth She"an small<br />

synagogue; b. Kefar Kana; c. Sepphoris. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities<br />

Authority (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246<br />

Figure XII-3. Inscription on the pavement of the Christian chapel at El Maqerqesh, Beth<br />

Guvrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247<br />

Figure XII-4. Plan of House of Leontis complex, Beth She"an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255<br />

Figure XII-5. Plan of the Monastery of Lady Mary, Beth She"an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />

Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monastery of Lady Mary, Beth She"an. Courtesy<br />

of the Israel Antiquities Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

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