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Table VII- 4. Rural and Pastoral scenes on inhabited scrolls and other mosaic pavements. Mosaic Date century CE Inhabited vine scroll Other Shepherd leaning on stick Women & men in rural scenes Camel driver Taming animals Fowling and bird catching Palastina Prima & Secunda (Israel) Be"er Shem#a 6th church + + + Beth Loya, border 6th church acanthus + + + El Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin 5th + + Kissufim 575 church + + Nahariya, border 6th church acanthus + + Palastina Tertia Petra, N and S aisle c. 550 church + + + + + + Arabia, Jordan Al-Khadir, Madaba 6th church + + + + + Bishop Sergius,Umm al-Rasas 587/88 church acanthus + + field and border + Burnt Palace, Madaba 6th mansion acanthus + Church of the Apostles, Madaba, border 578 church acanthus + + Deacon Thomas #Uyun Musa, Mt. Nebo, 6th church + + + Elias, Maria and Soreg, Gerasa 6th chapel + + Kaianus, #Uyun Musa, Mt. Nebo, upper church 6th church + + Martyr Theodore, Madaba, border 562 chapel acanthus + Massuh, Esbus, upper church Old Diakonikon-Baptistry, 5th church + + Memorial of Moses, Mt. Nebo, lower mosaic 530 chapel + + Priest John, Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo, Upper mosaic 565 chapel acanthus + + Priest Wa"il, Umm al-Rasas 586 church + + St. George, Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo 535/6 church acanthus + Sts. Lot & Procopius, Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo 557 church + + + + St. Stephen, Umm al-Rasas 8th church + + + + Suwayfiyah, Philadelphia 6th chapel + + + Fishing and boating 174 chapter seven
the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo 1993: 117, fig. 109). A figure with a slingshot in his hand has survived in a medallion in the third panel of St. Paul’s church at Umm al-Rasas (Piccirillo 1997: 386-7, plan I, foto 25; 2002: 545). A similar depiction of a hunter holding a lasso occurs in the hunting mosaic of Khanguet-el-Hadjaj (Lavin 1963: 240, fig. 99). Fowling and Bird-Catching Episodes of bird-fowling are found (pl. VII-19). A child tries to catch a bird by poking it with a stick, with a cage ready behind the child, in volutes 35-36 of the acanthus rinceau border of the Byzantine church of Nahariya (Dauphine and Edelstein 1984: pl. XXVII; 1993: 51, pl. IIb). A man approaches a tree in a fowling scene in the rectangular medallion B9 of the south aisle of Petra church (Waliszewski 2001: 252-53, 319). He wears a white long-sleeved tunic and brown shoes, carries a cage on his back with a bird inside, and holds a long rod in his right hand and two sticks in his left. A small vessel hangs under the right elbow. Two fowling scenes appear on the first register of the first panel on the church hall mosaic of al-Khadir at Madaba. A hunter with a bird on his shoulder (perhaps a falcon) tries to frighten with a stick two birds perched in a tree. Behind him is a bird cage. Another figure with two sticks under his arm is ready to put a caught bird into a cage (Lux 1967: pl. 31B; Piccirillo 1993: 129, fig. 142). Another fowling scene shows a cage and a hunter with a stick who frightens two birds perched on a tree on the vine rinceau mosaic border in the nave of the church of Bishop Sergius at Umm al-Rasas (Piccirillo 1993: 234, fig. 369). Scenes of fowling and bird-catching were quite common in Roman and Byzantine iconography (Levi 1947, I: 129). These fowling scenes reinforce the interpretation that the bird-in-cage motif recurring in the central axial column on many inhabited scrolls mosaics (see Chap. VI, pp. ) might reflect some hunting custom which used a bird in a cage as a decoy (Saller and Bagatti 1949: 271; Avi-Yonah 1960: 29, n.16). Fishing and Boating A few scenes of fishing and boating appear on Palaestinian mosaics (pl. VII.20). The Byzantine church at Beth Loya has two scenes of fishermen iconographic aspects of rural life 175 at work, defaced by iconoclasts (Patrich and Tsafrir 1993: 269, pls. XIXa,b): a boat with two sails carries two fishermen. The one on the left holds a hook from which hangs a fish, the right figure grasps a pair of oars while fish swim in the waves under the boat; this scene is in a large round medallion at the entrance to the northern aisle. The other scene, in another round medallion, shows two standing fishermen. The one on the right carries a wicker basket and the one on the left holds a fishnet on his shoulder; some fishes hang from his right hand. A fisherman standing in the Nile holding two fish in his left hand is portrayed on the Nile Festival building at Sepphoris. Two fishermen scenes are shown in the southern aisle of Petra church (Waliszewski 2001: 247-48; 318,320): in a rectangular medallion (B3-4) a fisherman, naked except for a girdle and hat, is seated on a block with two fish lying between his legs. His raised right hand holds a fish and his left a fishing rod with a fish at the end. In the other scene, also in a rectangular medallion (B12-13), stands a fisherman dressed in a white tunic holding a fish in his left hand. On Arabian mosaics, two fishermen in a boat (damaged) are portrayed on the Madaba map mosaic (Piccirillo 1993: 62). A fisherman is rendered on one of the intercolumnar panels of the mosaic at the church of Sts. Lot and Procopius. A fisherman naked but for his hat sits in a boat in an intercolumnar panel of the church of Priest Wa"il at Umm al-Rasas. Fishing scenes of naked putti wearing hats appear on the mosaic frame of the 8th-century St. Stephen Church at Umm al-Rasas; one of the octagons in the nave mosaic of Massuh upper church (Esbus) shows a fisherman in a boat (destroyed) (Piccirillo 1993: 36-37, 41, 165, 243, 238, 252; figs. 209, 358, 385, 398, 439). D. Interpretation and Conclusions Many of the genre motifs and rustic episodes are unique and may represent individual artist’s own initiative and imaginative contribution to the mosaic floors repertory. These refreshing innovations contrast sharply with the recurrent conventional motifs, such as the vintager, the flute player, hunters, and animal combat and assault. The vintage scenes are almost entirely in medallions of inhabited vine scroll field and border mosaics, though they are also portrayed
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
Page 185 and 186: Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Page 189 and 190: the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
Page 191 and 192: Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
Page 193 and 194: Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
Page 195 and 196: Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 197 and 198: Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 199 and 200: In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 201 and 202: four amphorae in the centre of the
Page 203 and 204: On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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Page 209 and 210: grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
Page 211 and 212: Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214: Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
Page 215 and 216: Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
Page 217 and 218: The forerunners for these vintage s
Page 219 and 220: Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
Page 221 and 222: Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
Page 223 and 224: iconographic aspects of rural life
Page 225 and 226: scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 227 and 228: Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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Page 235: iconographic aspects of rural life
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Page 241 and 242: Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244: Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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Page 247 and 248: in an intercolumnar space (Church o
Page 249 and 250: the seasons with deliberate differe
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Page 259 and 260: Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
Page 261 and 262: Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
Page 263 and 264: designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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Page 271 and 272: iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
Page 281 and 282: A significant subject in ancient ar
Page 283 and 284: These compositions with division in
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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