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164 figs. 202, 213).). A hunter attacks a bear in two medallions of an inhabited acanthus scroll field at the Burnt Palace Hall at Madaba (Piccirillo 1993: 78, fig. 37). A hunter spearing a lion is seen in two medallions of an acanthus rinceau border at the church of the St. Kyriakos, al-Quwaysmah (Piccirillo 1993: 268, fig. 494). A hunter armed with a whip fights a wild beast in the fourth register on the first panel of the Church of al-Khadir at Madaba (Lux 1967: 170, pls. 30D,31A, 32A; Piccirillo 1993: 129-130, fig. 142). Hunter-Soldier on Foot Armed with Spear and Shield In this scene the hunter-soldier is on the left, holding a sword, spear, or lance in his right hand and a hemispherical shield in his left hand fighting a beast on the right (pl. VII.12). A huntersoldier wearing a decorated tunic, breeches, and low boots is armed with a huge shield in his left hand and a long sword in his right; the scabbard hangs on his right side. He is about to launch an attack on a brown bear. The scene appears in a panel of the northern aisle of St. Elias church at Kissufim (Cohen 1993: 280, pl. XXIIb). A hunter dressed in tunic and chlamys, armed with spear and shield, pursues a lioness with two cubs in the left medallion in the top row at Room L of the Beth She"an monastery (Fitzgerald 1939: 9, pl. XVI). A barefoot hunter dressed in a tunic and armed with spear and shield attacks a panther in the acanthus rinceau border of the 6th-century Hippolytus Hall at Madaba (Piccirillo 1993: 66, fig. 11). A hunter with a round shield and sword confronts a bear in the panel above the vine rinceau at the Church of the Deacon Thomas at #Uyun Musa on Mt. Nebo (Piccirillo 1989: 220; 1993: 187, figs. 252, 263, 269). A hunter wearing a Phrygian outfit and boots, armed with spear and shield, battles a leaping lioness in the top row of the central panel on the lower mosaic of the Old Diakonikon-Bapistery at Siyaga, Memorial of Moses, on Mt. Nebo (Piccirillo 1993: 146, figs. 166-169, 182). A hunter wearing a short tunic and a puffed up mantle, a Phrygian cap, breeches, and shoes, and armed with a sword and shield, attacks a bear in two medallions of row 1 of the acanthus rinceau of the Church of the Priest John at Mukayyat on Mt. Nebo (Saller and Bagatti 1949: 50-51, pl. 9,2). A hunter-soldier with shield and spear confronts a wounded lioness, each in a separate medallion of a vine rinceau at the Chapel chapter seven of Khirbat al-Kursi (Piccirillo 1993: 265, figs. 476, 479). At the church of al-Khadir in Madaba (Piccirillo 1993: 131, figs. 145, 147), in two medallions of the inhabited vine scrolls mosaic a hunter with sword and shield is seen striking at a beast; and in a medallion of the acanthus rinceau border a hunter in Phrygian attire has a round shield in his left hand, and his right hand is outstretched. Mounted Hunter with Spear or Lance In the episodes the mounted hunter on a horse on the left attacks a beast on the right (pl. VII.13). The border frieze of the nave mosaic at el-Meqerqesh at Beth Guvrin shows a mounted hunter wearing a short tunic and with a chlamys streaming behind his shoulder; armed with a spear, he attacks a panther. Another horseman also wearing a tunic and chlamys holds a sistrum in his right hand; he appears to be riding through Nilotic scenery (fig. VIII.3) (Vincent 1922: fig. 2, pl. X, 4; Avi-Yonah 1981: 293, no. 23, pl. 49). Similar mounted hunters with upraised arm appear on the hunting pavement of the mid-3rd-century Bordj-Djedid at El-Djem near Carthage (Lavin 1963: 233, 240, figs. 80, 100). A mounted hunter with moustache and beard wearing a long-sleeved embroidered tunic and boots strikes a leopard with his spear in a panel in the northern aisle of the St. Elias Church at Kissufim (Cohen 1993: 280, pl. XXIIa). A comparable scene occurs in the lower register of the mid-4th-century hunting pavement at Orleansville (Lavin 1963: 237, fig. 88). In a similar fashion a mounted hunter spearing a lion is rendered in two medallions of the acanthus rinceau border of the Chapel of the Martyr Theodore in the Cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo 1993: 117, fig. 97). Two mounted hunters wearing short tunics, trousers, and boots, armed with spears and accompanied by their hounds, are seen in row 2 on the lower mosaic at the Old Diakonikon Bapistery at Siyaga, Memorial of Moses, on Mt. Nebo (Piccirillo 1993: 146, figs. 166,169, 182). The hunters hold an identical posture: the outstreched right hand grasps the spear striking the animal; one hunter wounds a brown bear with its head turned back and the other hunter spears a wild boar. A parallel can be found in the mid-4th-century hunting pavement of the upper register at Djemila (Lavin 1963: 233, 240, fig. 87). A mounted hunter spearing a wild beast has partly survived in two medallions in the acanthus rinceau border of
Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scenes on mosaic pavements. Mosaic Date century CE Structure type Inhabited vine scroll Other Hunter vs. beast Mounted hunter vs. animal Archer vs. beast Mounted archer vs. beast Palaestina Prima & Secunda (Israel) Be#er Shem#a 6th church + + El Hammam, Beth She"an 6th tomb + + El- Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin, border 5th + + + Kissufim 575 church + + + Monastery, Beth She"an, room L 567 monastery + + + Nahariya, border 6th church acanthus Arabia (Jordan) Al- Khadir, Madaba, 6th church + + + + + + Burnt Palace, Madaba 6th mansion acanthus + Deacon Thomas, #Uyun Musa, Mt. Nebo 6th church + + + + Hippolytus Hall, Madaba, border 6th mansion acanthus + + Khirbat al-Kursi, Philadelphia 6th chapel + + Old Diakonikon Baptistry, Memorial of Moses, 530 church + + + + Mt. Nebo, Lower Cathedral Martyr Theodore, Madaba 562 chapel acanthus + + Priest John, Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo 565 chapel acanthus + St. George, Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo 535/6 church acanthus + Sts. Lot and Procopius, Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo 557 church + + + Suwayfiyah, Philadelphia 6th chapel + Display animals iconographic aspects of rural life 165
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
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Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
Page 175 and 176: donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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Page 179 and 180: which contains objects flanked by s
Page 181 and 182: Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
Page 183 and 184: the outer ones; the second survivin
Page 185 and 186: Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
Page 187 and 188: Group III consists of the mosaics e
Page 189 and 190: the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
Page 191 and 192: Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
Page 193 and 194: Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
Page 195 and 196: Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 197 and 198: Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 199 and 200: In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 201 and 202: four amphorae in the centre of the
Page 203 and 204: On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
Page 205 and 206: to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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Page 209 and 210: grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
Page 211 and 212: Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214: Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
Page 215 and 216: Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
Page 217 and 218: The forerunners for these vintage s
Page 219 and 220: Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
Page 221 and 222: Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
Page 223 and 224: iconographic aspects of rural life
Page 225: scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 231 and 232: likewise surround the basin of the
Page 237 and 238: the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
Page 239 and 240: 443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
Page 241 and 242: Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244: Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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Page 247 and 248: in an intercolumnar space (Church o
Page 249 and 250: the seasons with deliberate differe
Page 251 and 252: personification of natural forces 1
Page 253 and 254: crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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Page 257 and 258: while in mosaics of the Greek East
Page 259 and 260: Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
Page 261 and 262: Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
Page 263 and 264: designs of symmetrical antithetic a
Page 265 and 266: (Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
Page 267 and 268: a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
Page 269 and 270: long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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