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158 fleeing hare in the vine scroll border frieze of the Beth She"an small synagogue mosaic (fig. VI-10) (Bahat 1981: 85). A collared dog emerging from the medallion catches the hare portrayed in the joined medallion on the inhabited vine scroll of the mosaic border in the narthex at Beth Loya church (Patrich and Tsafrir 1992: 184). The same motif appears on mosaics in Jordan. A running dog with a collar and a broken rope hunts an escaping rabbit, each animal in a medallion, perhaps with the hunter in the adjacent medallion as part of the scene, in the vine rinceau at the Church of the Sts. Lot and Procopius at Mukhayyat on Mt. Nebo (Saller and Bagatti 1949: 61, fig. 7, pls. 14,2; Piccirillo 1993: 164-5, figs. 202, 207,213). A similar episode of dog pursuing fleeing hare is rendered in two medallions of the acanthus rinceau border of the mosaic of the upper apse at Massuh church in Esbus (Piccirillo 1986: 230, no.19; 1993: 252, figs. 437, 444). A dog chasing two rabbits, each animal in a medallion, is seen on the acanthus rinceau of the Burnt Palace at Madaba (Piccirillo 1993: 78, figs. 50, 52). Similar vignettes of a dog pursuing a fleeing hare are rendered in intercolumn panels on the mosaic of the 6th-century nave of Qabr Hiram (fig. VI-18) in Phoenicia (Donceel-Voute 1988: 411-415, figs. 403, 405, 412; pl. n-t.17). A different method of hare hunt appears at el- Hammam, in a medallion in row 6; a hare (only tail and paws have survived) is being hunted with a basket and rope Beth She"an (fig. VII-2a) (Avi- Yonah 1936: 15, pl. XVII, 6). Two dogs chase a deer, in three medallions, in row 3 of the inhabited vine scroll mosaic at the church at Hazor-Ashdod (fig. VI-2). A hound pursuing a gazelle, almost entirely lost, each in a medallion, is seen on the left in row 6 of the vine scroll mosaic at the Shellal church (fig. VI-6). A hound with collar chasing a gazelle, flanking a fruit tree (fig. XII-14), is depicted at the Caesarea border pavement. Similar scenes appear on Jordan mosaics: A hound with collar and leash capturing a gazelle by the leg, each in a medallion, is depicted in the church of the Deacon Thomas (Piccirillo 1993: 187, fig. 254). A hound with collar chases an animal in medallions of the vine scroll panel of the nave field, and another scene of a dog attacking an animal is depicted in a medallion at Kaianus lower church (Piccirillo 1993: 189, fig. 271, 275). Interestingly, on the mosaic of the lower chapel of the Priest John a hound with collar and a torn chapter seven leash is depicted in a medallion in the row 2 of the vine scroll mosaic in the main nave, while the fleeing hare is rendered in a medallion in the sanctuary vine scroll mosaic (Piccirillo 1993: 176, figs. 237, 240). An interesting variation of the same theme is a seated dog with a collar looking back at a fleeing rabbit depicted on the eastern panel of the Diakonikon chapel at Jabaliyah (pl. VII-10b). (Humbert 1999: 216, pl. XI top; Humbert et al. 2000: 124). A hound or dog with a collar probably represented a guard dog whose task was to protect his owners’ property, especially his herd (Toynbee 1973: 102-108). A cock-fight appears at el-Hammam, in a medallion in row 7 (fig. VI-14). This was a popular sport in antiquity (Avi-Yonah 1936: 16, pl. XIV). Roosters appear flanking a flat bowl in medallions in row 21 of the vine rinceau mosaic of the north aisle in Petra church (pl. VI.7) (Waliszewski 2001: 236-7, fig. 17) and flanking each other in geometric squares on the north aisle of the Jabaliyah church (pl. X.4) (Humbert 2000: 121). Wild Beasts in Combat, Predation, and Assault Scenes of beasts chasing animals are found not only on mosaic fields and in inhabited scrolls designs but also on animal friezes rendered on mosaic borders. A related theme is represented by beasts and their animal prey in combat and hunt, or sometimes already in victory over one of the animals. They usually are pairs, often with a beast at the moment of overpowering its victim. These impressive scenes of wild beasts fiercely attacking and overwhelming their victims appear on the lower section of the mosaic pavement of the Nile festival building at Sepphoris (pl. V.3), and on two registers at the St. Elias Church at Kissufim (pl. VII.7). These images of ferocious animals battling in assorted compositions recall comparable scenes on 3rd- and 4th-century mosaic pavements in Palaestina. On the 3rd-century triclinum mosaic from Shechem (Nablus) combat and hunting scenes are portrayed in medallions of the acanthus inhabited scroll border on a black ground (Dauphin 1979: 14-18). Similar combat scenes appear in the medallions of the acanthus inhabited scroll frame of the House of Dionysos at Sepphoris (Talgam and Weiss 2004: 88-94, 109-110; figs. 75, 77-80; colour pls. XII-XIII). The 4thcentury hall mosaic pavement of Lod shows scenes
Table VII.2. Animal chase and combat scenes. Mosaic Date century CE Structur type Inhabited vine scroll Other Animal chase Snake mongoose Dog chase hare/gazelle Cock fight Wild beast assault prey Palaestina Prima & Secunda (Israel) Be#er Shem#a 6th church + + + + Beth Loya 6th church + + Beth She"an small synagagogue, border 6th synagogue + + + Caesarea 6th mansion + + El Hammam c. 530 tomb + + + Gaza-Maiumas (Gaza strip) 508-9 synagogue + Hazor-Ashdod c.512 church + + + Jabaliyah (Gaza strip) 6th church + + + Kissufim 6th church + + + Martyr Beth She"an, Intercolumnar panel 6th church + Nile Festival, Sepphoris, 5th mansion + + + Sede Nahum 6th. chapel + + + Shellal 561-2 church + + + Gaza Strip Gaza-Maiumas 508-9 synagogue + Jabaliyah 6th church + + + Arabia (Jordan) Al-Khadir, Madaba 6th church + + + Burnt Palace, Madaba 6th mansion acanthus + Deacon Thomas, #Uyun Musa, Mt. Nebo 6th church + + Gerasa synagogue, vestibule mosaic border 530/531 synagogue + + Hippolytus Hall, Madaba border 6th mansion acanthus + Kaianus, #Uyun Musa, Mt. Nebo, Lower mosaic 5th church + + + Massuh, Esbus, , upper apse mosaic, border 6th church acanthus + Sts. Lot & Procopius, Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo 557 church + + Phoenicia Qabr Hiram 575 church + + Zaharani, I 524 church + + iconographic aspects of rural life 159
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
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The depiction of a putto riding a c
Page 169 and 170: Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
Page 171 and 172: Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
Page 173 and 174: The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
Page 175 and 176: donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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Page 179 and 180: which contains objects flanked by s
Page 181 and 182: Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
Page 183 and 184: the outer ones; the second survivin
Page 185 and 186: Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
Page 187 and 188: Group III consists of the mosaics e
Page 189 and 190: the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
Page 191 and 192: Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
Page 193 and 194: Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
Page 195 and 196: Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 197 and 198: Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 199 and 200: In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 201 and 202: four amphorae in the centre of the
Page 203 and 204: On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
Page 205 and 206: to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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Page 209 and 210: grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
Page 211 and 212: Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214: Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
Page 215 and 216: Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
Page 217 and 218: The forerunners for these vintage s
Page 219: Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
Page 223 and 224: iconographic aspects of rural life
Page 225 and 226: scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 227 and 228: Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
Page 231 and 232: likewise surround the basin of the
Page 237 and 238: the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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Page 241 and 242: Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244: Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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Page 247 and 248: in an intercolumnar space (Church o
Page 249 and 250: the seasons with deliberate differe
Page 251 and 252: personification of natural forces 1
Page 253 and 254: crook Spring’s attribute at the B
Page 255 and 256: personification of natural forces 1
Page 257 and 258: while in mosaics of the Greek East
Page 259 and 260: Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
Page 261 and 262: Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
Page 263 and 264: designs of symmetrical antithetic a
Page 265 and 266: (Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
Page 267 and 268: a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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