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146 designated groups IV and V. The difference in the composition is possibly connected to or a result of the geographic distribution (see Tables VI.1, 2; Dauphin 1976a: 121-122). Groups I-III are found mainly in Palaestina, with only one in Arabia, whereas compositions IV and V are located chiefly in Jordan, in the Gerasa and Madaba regions, and in coastal Phoenicia, with three in Israel, two in the Beth She"an region and one in Caesarea. The inhabited scroll designs are sparsely used in Syria and frequently on small surfaces (Donceel-Voûte 1995: 99). Groups IV and V are usually laid out randomly in the general geometric composition with no logic in the arrangement of the themes; this contrasts with the symmetrical design of groups I-III. The composition in groups IV and V is developed horizontally, as distinct from the vertical composition of groups I-III. The vine trellis issues out of an amphora or sometimes an acanthus leaf in the centre of the bottom row, flanked by birds or animals (group IV), or from amphorae or acanthus leaves in the corners of the composition (group V); they form medallions inhabited with objects, animals, and human figures. Hunting, vintage and pastoral scenes appear only on mosaics of groups IV and V; scenes usually fill no more than two medallions. There is a lack of proportion; the spaces are equally filled, human figures, birds, and beasts are of equal size so that they may be squeezed into one medallion. It seems quite clear that the artists’ aim was not to copy nature. On the inhabited scroll pavements some motifs are of frequent use, such as the bird-in-cage, a bird of prey, and baskets, as well as less common animals, a lioness with her cub, an elephant, and a giraffe. These motifs are not exclusive to the inhabited scroll mosaics; some occur in other types of mosaic floors, earlier or contemporary. Although the inhabited scroll composition appears in Jewish and Christian art, it might have carried entirely different meanings, corresponding to the significance and form of the architectural building, the community needs, and the faith and the time it was designed for. The appearance of the inhabited scrolls in both synagogue and church contexts might imply that its designs and motifs are simply decorative; it also indicates that mosaicists worked for Christian and Jewish patrons alike. The significance of each motif is difficult to determine, although it may be postulated that certain combinations of motifs which recur in synagogues or churches may have been chapter six preferred by the Jewish or Christian communities. The same perhaps applies regarding the animals, especially the rare ones such as the elephant, the bear, and the buffalo, which occur on the Ma#on, Gaza, and Beth She"an synagogue floors. Certain motifs might have had special meaning or significance for certain groups of people (Dauphin 1978b). For example, Jews could have commissioned work with a request for motifs such as the menorah, or other patterns, which held special significance, as in the composition of the Ma#on and Beth She"an synagogues floors. It is important to emphasize that Jewish inhabited scroll mosaics are distinctive for two reasons: first, because of the addition of Jewish symbols to the composition in the synagogues of Ma#on and Beth She"an; second, because no human figures are depicted in the medallions, although genre and vintage scenes are seen in many of the church mosaics. The details of the pavement, in the general composition of the floor, the individual patterns, and motifs, were probably taken from pattern or model books according to individual or communal taste (see Chap. XII). This can be inferred from the uniformity of, and similarity in composition and motif. However, as the individual styles are obviously dissimilar, various artists and workshops must have produced the mosaics in different parts of the country. Also, certain combinations of the recurring motifs might have been preferred by the Jewish or the Christian community without specific significance attached to them. The motifs and the repeated elements and scenes in mosaics usually rendered similarly evidently cannot be associated with particular compositions or schools. They seem to indicate individual choice from a common source or pattern books by the craftsmen and donors; the difference in style in each mosaic is due to the individual style and ability of the mosaicist. The differences in the content of the scrolls are also remarkable. Human figures and everyday life scenes are absent from groups I-III except at Be"er Shem#a and Petra. The geographic regions seem to indicate different preferences by the population. Whereas in the Land of Israel the most popular and common inhabited scroll pavement design for synagogues and churches are from groups I-III, with their symmetrical layout, containing objects and animals, the Beth She"an region and the Christian pavements in Jordan are asymmetrical, including, in addition to animals and objects, human figures rendered in scenes of
grape harvesting, pastoral, and hunting episodes. Design, style, and motifs were mutually independent. This may be attributed to the individual tastes of each commissioner or artist who chose the compositions and motifs. It is difficult to discern the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic pavements 147 schools or workshops based on the composition and contents of the inhabited scrolls; and even within each group, it is difficult to assign them to one artist, school, or workshop owing to differences in style and execution.
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
Page 157 and 158: IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
Page 159 and 160: V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
Page 161 and 162: V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
Page 163 and 164: eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
Page 165 and 166: shown standing on the river bank as
Page 167 and 168: The depiction of a putto riding a c
Page 169 and 170: Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
Page 171 and 172: Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
Page 173 and 174: The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
Page 175 and 176: donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
Page 177 and 178: naturalistic in execution, and unli
Page 179 and 180: which contains objects flanked by s
Page 181 and 182: Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
Page 183 and 184: the outer ones; the second survivin
Page 185 and 186: Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
Page 187 and 188: Group III consists of the mosaics e
Page 189 and 190: the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
Page 191 and 192: Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
Page 193 and 194: Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
Page 195 and 196: Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 197 and 198: Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 199 and 200: In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 201 and 202: four amphorae in the centre of the
Page 203 and 204: On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
Page 205 and 206: to have grapes of both styles (pl.
Page 207: ightly observes that the different
Page 211 and 212: Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214: Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
Page 215 and 216: Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
Page 217 and 218: The forerunners for these vintage s
Page 219 and 220: Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
Page 221 and 222: Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
Page 223 and 224: iconographic aspects of rural life
Page 225 and 226: scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 227 and 228: Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
Page 231 and 232: likewise surround the basin of the
Page 237 and 238: the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
Page 239 and 240: 443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
Page 241 and 242: Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244: Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
Page 245 and 246: irds, apparently created by the Fou
Page 247 and 248: in an intercolumnar space (Church o
Page 249 and 250: the seasons with deliberate differe
Page 251 and 252: personification of natural forces 1
Page 253 and 254: crook Spring’s attribute at the B
Page 255 and 256: personification of natural forces 1
Page 257 and 258: while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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