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138 The inhabited scrolls in the churches in Syria are less rigid symmetrical and stylized in composition; the medallions are arranged in a more relaxed manner (Table VI-2). The design decorates the apses of three 5th- and 6th-century Syrian churches: Haouarte South Church (Donceel-Voûte 1988: 94-6, fig. 63, pl. h.-t.3), a side carpet at Haouarte North Church ‘Michaelion’ (Donceel-Voûte 1988: 111-2, fig. 77, pl. h.-t.5), and at the church of Qum Hartaine (Donceel- chapter six Figure VI-18. Qabr Hiram, nave mosaic pavement. Voûte 1988: 198, fig. 180, pl. h.-t.11). In these the branches emerging from the amphora at the centre bottom form medallions surrounding a central inscription. All contain birds and animals. At Haouarte North and Qum Hartaine a bird-incage appears, with the bird outside the cage. The church at Zaharani I and a villa at Jenah in Lebanon (Chehab 1959: pls. 29,30; Donceel- Voûte 1988: 431, fig. 431, pls. h.-t.18, L, LI) show mosaic pavements with branches arising out of
four amphorae in the centre of the mosaic. A group of Jordan mosaics decorated with fields of inhabited acanthus scrolls should be considered part of the inhabited scrolls trend in the 6th century. The repertoire of these mosaics is quite similar to the rural, vintage, and hunting scenes contained in groups IV and V above (Table IV.2). Two inhabited acanthus scroll mosaics appear at Khirbat al-Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo, in the Upper Chapel of the Priest John (565 CE) and in the church of St. George (535/36 CE) (Saller and Bagatti 1949: 49-55; 67-71, 100; figs. 4, 8; Maguire 1987: 69-72; Piccirillo 1993: 174, 178, figs. 227, 230, 245; 1998: 324-327). The scrolls are rendered with Earth and her offerers, and scenes of farming and hunting. Three others are found on Umm al-Rasas mosaics. The Church of Bishop Sergius, (587/88), the Church of the Lions (574 or 589), and the Church of the Rivers (579 or 594) were are disfigured by iconoclasts (Piccirillo 1993: 234,241, figs. 365, 392, 394, 395). On the nave field mosaics at the Church of Bishop Sergius and the Church of the Rivers, inhabited acanthus scrolls are enclosed by an inhabited vine scroll border. Another inhabited acanthus scroll mosaic appears on the nave field of the Burnt Palace at Madaba (Piccirillo 1993: 78, figs. 49-50). The two coloured acanthus leaves create symmetrical and schematic medallions. A heart-shaped band connects the leaves. The acanthus medallions contain various farming, hunting, and pastoral scenes. The mosaics at the church of St. George and the Upper Chapel of the Priest John at Khirbat al-Mukhayyat and the Church of Bishop Sergius at Umm al-Rasas have a distinct motif in one of the acanthus medallions: the personification of the Earth flanked by a pair of offerers in three medallions in the same row. The disfigured personification of the sea (inscribed abyss) is rendered within an acanthus medallion at the Church of Bishop Sergius and at the Church of the Rivers, Umm al-Rasas. B. The Repertory The repertory of the inhabited scroll design is varied. Repetition of motifs and figures is common to the pavements of the inhabited scrolls; they are not identical but vary in features and style (see list and statistical data, Dauphin 1978a: the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic pavements 139 400-404,419-423). Groups I-III embody objects, birds, and animals; Be"er Shem#a and Petra also incorporate human figures. By contrast, groups IV-V contain figured scenes, particularly rural activities and domestic scenes, the vintage cycle, hunting, and animal chase, 3 usually depicted in a similar manner and attitude (Tables VI-1, 2; Chap. VII, Table VII-1, 2). The repertory set out next characterizes especially the central axial column of the inhabited scroll mosaics of Groups I-III. The Amphora Flanked by Peacocks or Animals In groups I-IV the motif of the amphora flanked by animals was usually placed in the central medallion at the centre of the base of the design (Table VI-1); the amphora was the issuing point for the vine trellis, which made up the rest of the inhabited vine scroll composition. The vase in these mosaic pavements resembles a stylized version of a metal wine volute amphora, with two handles, its base a round ball on a triangle or rectangle pedestal, its body decorated in a stylized lobed design; sometimes the shoulders are studded with a pattern of precious stones (pl. VI-12). The lobed ornament was probably used to emphasize the metallic character of the amphora (Levi 1947: 512; Avi-Yonah 1960: 25, note 2). The wine amphora was chosen as the appropriate vessel from which the vine trellises arose. Peacocks flank the amphora on pavements of group II (figs. VI-5-7; pls. VI-2, 4, 6; Table VI-1; on the symbolism of the peacock see Goodenough 1958, VIII: 52-58). At Ma#on a peacock with two feathers on its head walks towards the vase, with head and sometimes tail outside the medallion, the body in one medallion and the spread tail in the other (Avi-Yonah 1960: 26, pl. III,2); at Shellal there are similar peacocks, with a small partridge placed above the tail (Trendall 1957: 18, pl. III,2); each peacock of the pair at the ‘Armenian’ church at Jerusalem stands in one medallion while two other birds are in the flanking end-medallions. Each of the the pair of peacocks at Beth Loya, though damaged, appears in one large medallion. At Petra too, each peacock of 3 No maritime or harvesting scenes appear in the inhabited scrolls repertory.
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
Page 149 and 150: III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
Page 151 and 152: IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
Page 153 and 154: IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
Page 155 and 156: IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
Page 157 and 158: IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
Page 159 and 160: V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
Page 161 and 162: V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
Page 163 and 164: eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
Page 165 and 166: shown standing on the river bank as
Page 167 and 168: The depiction of a putto riding a c
Page 169 and 170: Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
Page 171 and 172: Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
Page 173 and 174: The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
Page 175 and 176: donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
Page 177 and 178: naturalistic in execution, and unli
Page 179 and 180: which contains objects flanked by s
Page 181 and 182: Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
Page 183 and 184: the outer ones; the second survivin
Page 185 and 186: Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
Page 187 and 188: Group III consists of the mosaics e
Page 189 and 190: the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
Page 191 and 192: Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
Page 193 and 194: Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
Page 195 and 196: Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 197 and 198: Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 199: In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 203 and 204: On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
Page 205 and 206: to have grapes of both styles (pl.
Page 207 and 208: ightly observes that the different
Page 209 and 210: grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
Page 211 and 212: Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214: Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
Page 215 and 216: Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
Page 217 and 218: The forerunners for these vintage s
Page 219 and 220: Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
Page 221 and 222: Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
Page 223 and 224: iconographic aspects of rural life
Page 225 and 226: scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 227 and 228: Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
Page 231 and 232: likewise surround the basin of the
Page 237 and 238: the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
Page 239 and 240: 443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
Page 241 and 242: Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244: Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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Page 247 and 248: in an intercolumnar space (Church o
Page 249 and 250: the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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