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Table VI-1b. Composition and Repertory of Inhabited vine scrolls mosaic, groups I, II, III. (Cont.) Mosaic Date centuries CE Structure type Bird-in cage Bird of prey Central axial column repertory Bird Animal Human figures Symbols Bowl goblet Basket Double basket Group I Palaestina #Asida 5th. church + + Deir el-Asfur 6th chapel? Gaza-Maiumas 508-9 synagogue + + + Hazor-Ashdod 512 church + + + Herodium 5th-6th church + + + Kh. Sokho 6th chapel? + + Vase, chalice Menorah Cross Group II Be"er Shem#a Late 6th church + + + + + + + + Beth Loya, Horvat 6th church +? + + + + + + Jerusalem, Armenian mosaic 6th church + + + + + Ma#ale"Adummim Late 5th church + + Ma#on- Nirim c.538 synagogue + + + + + + + + + Petra, N aisle c.550 church + + + + + + + + + Shellal 561/2 church + + + + + + + + Arabia Chapel of Theotokos, #Ayn al-Kanish Late 6th chapel + + + + + Zoara 7th church + + + + Group III Palaestina Beth She"an small Synagogue 6th synagogue + + + El-Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin 6th. chapel + + + Ma#ale Adummim, Monastry, kitchen End 5th monastery kitchen Syria Ain el-bad 6th church + + Houad 568 church + + Frikya 6th church + + + Khan khalde 503 or 506 church + + + 124 chapter six
Group III consists of the mosaics executed in small, rectangular rooms (figs. VI-10-12; Hachlili 1987: 46, 49, 53): Attached to the House of Leontis, the small synagogue mosaic pavement of Beth She"an (B) is a variation of the inhabited scroll composition (Bahat 1981). It has a wide, ornate border and a central panel consisting of nine medallions, three columns, and three rows (figs. VI-10,12). The vine-trellis issues from an amphora in the centre of the first row, flanked by a pair of rams or goats. A menorah occupies the central medallion, flanked by an ethrog and a suspended lamp or incense burner, the word םולש (shalom) is inscribed above (pl. XI.1). A peacock, en face, fills the upper central medallion. Two medallions are lost so it is impossible to determine whether the inhabited scrolls had identical animals (as suggested by Bahat 1981), or whether each medallion contained a different animal, like the Beth Guvrin church floor. The round medallions all end in a vine leaf, similar in other details to the Beth She"an workshop (see Chap. XII, pp. 254-264). The border design is four corner amphorae with vines emerging from them, and intertwining animal chase scenes. Among the depicted animals are bear, fox, hare, dog, deer, hen, and elephant. A fox chases a hare, and a bear chases a deer. Birds fill the space around and outside the menorah medallion. In the centre of the upper part of this border is a dedicatory inscription in a tabula ansata. The small chapel at el-Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin, belongs to the period of group III, dated to the 6th century (figs. VI-11,12) (Avi-Yonah 1993, I: 197; Hachlili 1987: 46, 49,51,53). The inhabited scroll mosaic consists of nine medallions, three columns and three rows. The vinetrellis rises from an amphora in the centre of the first row, flanked by a pair of rams. The other medallions contain an assortment of birds. The central medallion of the mosaic contains a bird of prey (pl. VI.12d), flanked by a partridge and a quail; in the third row a pheasant is flanked by a crane and a goose. Somewhat comparable to the Beth Guvrin mosaic is the small lower chapel to the east of Priest John, Khirbat al-Mukhayyat, Mount Nebo (Piccirillo 1993: 176, figs. 234, 237) with only five 2 In the Jerusalem area three examples of group II and III mosaics—the Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ mosaic, the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic pavements 125 medallions emerging from an amphora flanked by two sheep. The other three scrolls are inhabited by animals and a bird. The mosaic floor of the kitchen at St. Martyrius monastery at Ma#ale "Adummim (Khirbet el-Murassas) dated to the third quarter of the 6th century is decorated with an inhabited vine scroll design (Magen and Talgam 1990: 131, 146, 148, 150, fig. 51; Magen 1993: 184, pl. XIA). The vinetrellis issuing from an amphora in the centre of the first row is flanked by two medallions, each filled with a bunch of grapes; the second row shows a bird in the central medallion, again flanked by two medallions, each with a bunch of grapes; the third row has three medallions, all filled with a bunch of grapes. Characteristic features of group III: • • • • The mosaic pavements are designed as a nine-scroll composition, three columns and three rows, with an amphora in the central medallion of the bottom row at the base of the motif, flanked by two rams or goats. This group of mosaics focuses attention on the centre of the composition by special representations placed within the central medallion, a seven-armed menorah at Beth She"an, the bird of prey at el-Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin. At Ma#ale "Adummim (Khirbet el-Murassas) the central medallion contains a bird while all the other medallions contain bunches of grapes. The contents of the scrolls at el-Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin are not symmetrical. Two medallions of the Beth She"an mosaic are lost, but presumably each scroll contained a different animal as on the Beth Guvrin pavement. The animals fit within the encircling medallions except for the two goats at el-Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin. 2 The assessment of the details of the pavements in groups I-III demonstrates a chronological and stylistic development of the specific composition of inhabited vine scrolls which is characteristic to pavements in Palaestina. Several pavements with variation of the inhabited vine scrolls design comparable to groups II and III are found in Syria, all dated to the 6th el-Maqerqesh, Beth Guvrin and the kitchen at Maale Edomim, the medallions are inhabited only with birds.
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
Page 135 and 136: II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
Page 137 and 138: II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
Page 139 and 140: III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
Page 141 and 142: III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
Page 143 and 144: III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
Page 145 and 146: III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
Page 147 and 148: III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
Page 149 and 150: III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
Page 151 and 152: IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
Page 153 and 154: IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
Page 155 and 156: IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
Page 157 and 158: IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
Page 159 and 160: V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
Page 161 and 162: V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
Page 163 and 164: eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
Page 165 and 166: shown standing on the river bank as
Page 167 and 168: The depiction of a putto riding a c
Page 169 and 170: Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
Page 171 and 172: Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
Page 173 and 174: The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
Page 175 and 176: donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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Page 179 and 180: which contains objects flanked by s
Page 181 and 182: Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
Page 183 and 184: the outer ones; the second survivin
Page 185: Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
Page 189 and 190: the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
Page 191 and 192: Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
Page 193 and 194: Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
Page 195 and 196: Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 197 and 198: Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 199 and 200: In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 201 and 202: four amphorae in the centre of the
Page 203 and 204: On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
Page 205 and 206: to have grapes of both styles (pl.
Page 207 and 208: ightly observes that the different
Page 209 and 210: grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
Page 211 and 212: Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214: Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
Page 215 and 216: Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
Page 217 and 218: The forerunners for these vintage s
Page 219 and 220: Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
Page 221 and 222: Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
Page 223 and 224: iconographic aspects of rural life
Page 225 and 226: scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 227 and 228: Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
Page 231 and 232: likewise surround the basin of the
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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