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118 chapter six Figure VI-6. Group II: the Shellal church pavement.
Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, the ‘Armenian’ church pavement. a figure on an elephant and another leading a giraffe are seen in row 9 (pl. VII.15a). A figure carrying a tray in the central axial column in row 10 (pl. VII.17a), thought by the excavators to be the church storekeeper, is flanked by a horse and a mare, and a mongoose and snake combat, in a medallion on the far left (pl. VII.6a) (the theme appears also in Nilotic scenes, see Chap. V, p. 106). At Be"er Shem#a, the human figures in the axial row and those in the side columns, such as the shepherd, the flute player and the men leading a donkey and a camel, as well as the men leading exotic animals, are similar to the usual depictions in compositions of inhabited scrolls in groups IV and V (see tables VI-1, 2). But the woman breast-feeding a baby is unique. The Be"er-Shem#a mosaic is thus a distinct composition, unique in style and subject matter, albeit the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic pavements 119 with affinities to all other groups of inhabited vine scroll mosaics in the area. Several notable stylistic details are common to both Be"er-Shem#a and the Ma#on mosaics (see Chap. XII, pp. 266-268): the vine leaves and the bunches of grapes are similarly depicted; the stylistic rendition of round muscles and some parallel lines and the posture of the animals are similar at both Be"er-Shem#a and Ma#on. The long north aisle of the Petra church has a pavement of 28 rows in three columns, dated to c. 550 (Fiema et al. 1995: 295, figs. 3-4; Waliszekowski 2001: 219-244, 262-265). The mosaic is arranged like the others in the group in a symmetrical composition, with the central axial column containing objects such as baskets and bowls full of grapes or fruit, amphorae, a bird-in-cage, and a bird of prey (pls. VI.6-8, 14f, 15g, fig. VI-9c). The vine-trellis issues from an amphora in the centre of the bottom row, flanked by a pair of peacocks. The rows alternate with beasts and birds; the flanking side columns show the same animals in each row, although many of them are in different postures (see rows 7-10,12, 16). Exceptional are three rows containing human figures: three medallions in row 4 have a shepherd leaning on his crook, a dog, and an elderly man holding an amphora. The three medallions in row 14 portray a connected scene of two drivers on the side rows leading a camel in the central column (pl. VII.18c); in row 26, a pyxis is flanked by two figures, one holding a jar and the other a plate (pl. VII.17e). All the objects in the central column and almost all the birds (except the roosters in row 21, the crown cranes in row 23, and the pheasant in row 25) are set within the medallion, whereas the animals and humans are portrayed with some of their parts extending beyond the rim. The figures usually are proportional and coherent. The same animals and birds are depicted differently in the upper and lower rows: in the lower half of the mosaic (rows 1-16) the animals hold dissimilar postures: one of the flanking animals crouches or sits, sometimes with open mouth, its counterpart stands with inclined head (see rows 2, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16; compare the identical pose of the dog in row 4 to that of the hare in row 8). Some of the birds are also dissimilar (rows 3, 9). In the upper half of the mosaic (rows 17-28) the birds and most of the animals are in identical posture (rows 1, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20- 25, 27, 28). Most of the animals appear calm, crouching or
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294 glossary
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Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
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contents To my beloved granddaughte
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contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
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contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
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list of color plates xi LIST OF COL
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list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
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list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
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list of color plates xvii Authority
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list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
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list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
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list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
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list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
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foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
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One of the most significant and fru
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pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
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mosaic pavements adorning buildings
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Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
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Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
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to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
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ut all served as repositories for t
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pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
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open ark with scrolls is depicted,
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are rendered in non-identical symme
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pavements of Samarian synagogues an
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of two columns surmounting an arche
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A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
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the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
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The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
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Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
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iblical narrative themes and images
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
Page 129 and 130: iconographic elements of nilotic sc
Page 131 and 132: I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
Page 133 and 134: I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
Page 135 and 136: II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
Page 137 and 138: II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
Page 139 and 140: III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
Page 141 and 142: III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
Page 143 and 144: III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
Page 145 and 146: III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
Page 147 and 148: III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
Page 149 and 150: III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
Page 151 and 152: IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
Page 153 and 154: IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
Page 155 and 156: IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
Page 157 and 158: IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
Page 159 and 160: V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
Page 161 and 162: V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
Page 163 and 164: eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
Page 165 and 166: shown standing on the river bank as
Page 167 and 168: The depiction of a putto riding a c
Page 169 and 170: Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
Page 171 and 172: Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
Page 173 and 174: The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
Page 175 and 176: donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
Page 177 and 178: naturalistic in execution, and unli
Page 179: which contains objects flanked by s
Page 183 and 184: the outer ones; the second survivin
Page 185 and 186: Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
Page 187 and 188: Group III consists of the mosaics e
Page 189 and 190: the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
Page 191 and 192: Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
Page 193 and 194: Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
Page 195 and 196: Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 197 and 198: Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
Page 199 and 200: In the south aisle of St. George ch
Page 201 and 202: four amphorae in the centre of the
Page 203 and 204: On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
Page 205 and 206: to have grapes of both styles (pl.
Page 207 and 208: ightly observes that the different
Page 209 and 210: grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
Page 211 and 212: Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214: Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
Page 215 and 216: Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
Page 217 and 218: The forerunners for these vintage s
Page 219 and 220: Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
Page 221 and 222: Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
Page 223 and 224: iconographic aspects of rural life
Page 225 and 226: scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
Page 227 and 228: Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
Page 229 and 230: iconographic aspects of rural life
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likewise surround the basin of the
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
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443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
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Personification is a common theme o
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Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
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irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
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V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
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VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
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VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
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etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
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etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
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different themes based on comparabl
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esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
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epeated use was supplemented by fre
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of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
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list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
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VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
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XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
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list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
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Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
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2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
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The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
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1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
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1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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