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x contents Chapter Twelve Mosaicists, Workshops, and the Repertory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 A Mosaicists and Artists Identified by Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Terms Used in the Inscriptions for Mosaicist or Artist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 B Identifying Mosaicists and Artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 The Artists of the Hammath Tiberias Synagogue Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 The Mosaicists of the Beth "Alpha Synagogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 The Sepphoris Mosaicists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 The Tabgha Church Mosaic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 The Kissufim Church Mosaic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 The Mosaicists of the Petra Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 C Workshops and Mosaicists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Mosaicists from Beth She"an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 The Gaza Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 The Ma#on and Be’er Shem#a Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 The School of Madaba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 D Sources of the Repertory and the Transmission of Motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Chapter Thirteen Concluding Remarks, Comments, and Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 A Notes on Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 B Interpretation and Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 The Concept of Neutralization of Idolatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 C Were the Mosaic Pavements Designs Purely Decorative or Invested with Symbolism? 286 List of Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
list of color plates xi LIST OF COLOR PLATES I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. anteroom (Oecus 456) at the Western Palace; b. bathhouse corridor of the Western Palace (room 449). Courtesy of Prof. Gideon Foerster and Israel Exploration Society, Jerusaelm. I.2 a. Mosaic in the Hasmonean bathhouse, Jericho palace; Lower Herodium palace pavements; b. Mosaic panel in the bathhouse main tepidarium; c. mosaic in small tepidarium; d. fragment of the laconicum pavement; e. Caesarea palace mosaic. Courtesy of Prof. Ehud Netzer. I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavements in houses (after Avigad 1983: 109; b.162, c.163). I.4 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavements in houses (after Avigad 1983: a.161, b. 164, c.165). II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagogue pavements: a. Hammath Tiberias; b. Sepphoris; c. Susiya. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (a,c). Courtesy of Prof. Zeev Weiss and the Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; photo by G. Laron (b). II.2 Ark of Scrolls on synagogue pavements: a. Beth Alpha; b. Beth She"an A; c. Jericho. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan mosaics: a. Upper chapel of Priest John, Mukhayyat, Mt. Nebo; b. Theotokos chapel, Basilica of Moses, Mt. Nebo. Courtesy of Fr. Michele Piccirillo and Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Archive, Jerusalem. II.4 Dura Synagogue wall paintings panels WB3, WB2. Courtesy of the Yale University Art Gallery, Dura-Europos Archive. III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zodiac panel. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. III.2 Sepphoris synagogue zodiac panel. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; photo by G. Laron. III.3. Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac panel. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. III.4 a. Na#aran synagogue zodiac panel; b. Susiya synagogue fragment of surviving zodiac; c. #En Gedi zodiac inscription. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavements: a. Hammath Tiberias; b. Sepphoris; c. Beth "Alpha; d. Na#aran. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Sepphoris. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; photo by G. Laron (b). III.6 Comparions of Sun God on mosaics: a. Tomb of the Julii beneath the Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, Rome; b. The sun God in his chariot on a 3 rd century Swiss mosaic (after Kenton 1974: fig. 7). III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pavements: a. Aries Hammath Tiberias, Sepphoris, Beth "Alpha. b. Taurus Hammath Tiberias, Sepphoris, Beth "Alpha. c. Gemini Hammath Tiberias, Sepphoris, Beth "Alpha. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Sepphoris. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; photo by G. Laron. III.8 Zodiac signs on synagogue pavements: a. Cancer Hammath Tiberias, Sepphoris, Beth "Alpha. b. Leo Hammath Tiberias, Sepphoris, Beth "Alpha. c. Virgo Hammath Tiberias, Sepphoris, Beth "Alpha. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Sepphoris. Courtesy of Prof. Z. Weiss and the Sepphoris Expedition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; photo by G. Laron.
Page 2 and 3: 294 glossary
Page 5 and 6: Ψ ή φ ο ς ס פ י ס פ Ancie
Page 7 and 8: contents To my beloved granddaughte
Page 9 and 10: contents CONTENTS List of Color Pla
Page 11: contents C Pastoral and Rural Scene
Page 15 and 16: list of color plates xiii V.4 Nilom
Page 17 and 18: list of color plates xv Mt. Nebo; g
Page 19 and 20: list of color plates xvii Authority
Page 21 and 22: list of figures xix LIST OF FIGURES
Page 23 and 24: list of figures xxi Figure IV-15. D
Page 25 and 26: list of figures xxiii Figure VIII-5
Page 27 and 28: list of figures xxv LIST OF TABLES
Page 29 and 30: foreword xxvii FOREWORD התדיב
Page 31 and 32: One of the most significant and fru
Page 33 and 34: pavement at Caesarea the word is sp
Page 35 and 36: mosaic pavements adorning buildings
Page 47 and 48: Introduction: Jewish Figurative Art
Page 49 and 50: Figure II-3. Beth "Alpha synagogue:
Page 51 and 52: to the Sefer HaRazim Yahoweh reside
Page 53 and 54: ut all served as repositories for t
Page 55 and 56: pomegranates and cups (Hachlili 200
Page 57 and 58: open ark with scrolls is depicted,
Page 59 and 60: are rendered in non-identical symme
Page 61 and 62: pavements of Samarian synagogues an
Page 63 and 64:
of two columns surmounting an arche
Page 65 and 66:
A group of ancient synagogues disco
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the zodiac panel and its significan
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
the bust of the season Nisan (Sprin
Page 77 and 78:
The Summer attributes, the sickle a
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Table III-1. Comparative chart of t
Page 81 and 82:
Figure III-12. Part of a stone ceil
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A Roman villa at Odos Triakosion in
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the four seasons, representing the
Page 87 and 88:
iblical narrative themes and images
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Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
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Noah’s Ark biblical narrative the
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Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Jonah biblical narrative themes and
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Page 125 and 126:
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Nilotic scenes are a recurrent them
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iconographic elements of nilotic sc
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I.1 Masada mosaic pavements: a. ant
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I.3 Jerusalem, Upper City, pavement
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II.1 Torah shrine panels on synagog
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II.3 Comparable shrines on Jordan m
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III.1 Hammath Tiberias synagogue zo
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III.3 Beth "Alpha synagogue zodiac
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III.5 Sun God on synagogue pavement
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III.7 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.9 Zodiac signs on synagogue pav
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III.11 The four seasons on synagogu
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IV.1 Binding of Isaac on synagogue
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IV.3 David-Orpheus on the Gaza syna
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IV.5 The Orpheus mosaic, Jerusalem.
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IV.7 Sepphoris synagogue, The Conse
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V.1 Nilotic scene at Beth Leontis,
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V.3 Nilotic scene at Sepphoris Nile
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eagle. Another Nilotic scene appear
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shown standing on the river bank as
Page 167 and 168:
The depiction of a putto riding a c
Page 169 and 170:
Table V.1. Nilotic Elements on Byza
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Nile Festival mosaic, with the addi
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The ‘inhabited scroll’ became o
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donkey. Lively animal chase scenes
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naturalistic in execution, and unli
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which contains objects flanked by s
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Figure VI-7. Group II: Jerusalem, t
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the outer ones; the second survivin
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Table VI-1a. Composition and Repert
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Group III consists of the mosaics e
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the ‘inhabited scrolls’ mosaic
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Figure VI-13. Beth She"an, Monaster
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Figure VI-15. Sede Nahum mosaic fra
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Table VI-2a. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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Table VI-2b. (Cont.) Mosaic Date ce
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In the south aisle of St. George ch
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four amphorae in the centre of the
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On Jordanian mosaics, in the acanth
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to have grapes of both styles (pl.
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ightly observes that the different
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grape harvesting, pastoral, and hun
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Rural activities and pastoral scene
Page 213 and 214:
Table VII.1. Vintage scenes on vine
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Figures Treading Grapes and the Pre
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The forerunners for these vintage s
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Snake and Mongoose Confrontation Th
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Table VII.2. Animal chase and comba
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iconographic aspects of rural life
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scenes are found in the mid-5th- to
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Table VII.3. Big Game Hunting scene
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likewise surround the basin of the
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
the cathedral at Madaba (Piccirillo
Page 239 and 240:
443, 455-6, 466) holds that this ty
Page 241 and 242:
Personification is a common theme o
Page 243 and 244:
Rivers of Paradise, but only two of
Page 245 and 246:
irds, apparently created by the Fou
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in an intercolumnar space (Church o
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the seasons with deliberate differe
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personification of natural forces 1
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crook Spring’s attribute at the B
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personification of natural forces 1
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while in mosaics of the Greek East
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Moon, as the partner of Sun, is a b
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Animals in a repeated antithetic sy
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designs of symmetrical antithetic a
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(Ovadiah 1987: 105) and at the Naha
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a bear, a lion and a destroyed anim
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long-horned deer drinking from a sp
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iconoclasm on mosaic pavements of s
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A significant subject in ancient ar
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These compositions with division in
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frequent ornamentation of the synag
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(Ovadiah 1987: 68): A cross within
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Some scholars propose that depictio
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V.5 City representations: a. Beth L
Page 293 and 294:
V.7 The sail boat: a. Beth Leontis,
Page 295 and 296:
VI.1 Gaza synagogue pavement.
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VI.3 Jerusalem ‘Armenian’ churc
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VI.6-8 Petra Church: North Aisle mo
Page 301 and 302:
VI.8
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VI.10 The church of the Deacon Thom
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VI.12 Amphorae depicted on inhabite
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VI.14 Bird of prey on inhabited vin
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VI.16 Baskets on inhabited vine scr
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VI.18 Vine leaves and bunches of gr
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VI.20 Subdued animals: a. Be’er S
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VII.2 Transporting grapes: a. El Ha
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VII.4 Flute player: a. Beth She’a
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VII.6 Snake and mongoose confrontat
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VII.8 Dog chasing hare/rabbit on ch
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Inhabited Vine Scrolls Pavements A
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similar in the general depiction of
Page 327 and 328:
etween synagogue and church 233 Fig
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part are evidently connected: almos
Page 331 and 332:
etween synagogue and church 237 Fig
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Mukhayyat (Bagatti 1949: 99, pl. 29
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time. They might have contained gen
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Artists, workshops and schools of m
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• The same artisans are mentioned
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1933: 146, No. 23, 8; 1934: 73 =198
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characteristically mixed origin of
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The Sepphoris Mosaicists The Seppho
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on horseback spearing a leopard wit
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Odysseus fighting the monster Scyll
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Figure XII-6. Hall A mosaic, Monast
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mosaicists, workshops, and the repe
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Dating The Monastery was dated by i
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connections with Egypt, and perhaps
Page 361 and 362:
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different themes based on comparabl
Page 365 and 366:
esults were mosaics in the old Diak
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Jews toartists and craftsmen. Among
Page 369 and 370:
epeated use was supplemented by fre
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
of designs from general pattern boo
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concluding remarks, comments, and o
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
list of sites 289 LIST OF SITES Sit
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Site Date Centuries CE Jordan (Arab
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VII.10 Jabaliyah Diakonikon mosaic
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VII.12 Hunter/soldier on foot with
Page 391 and 392:
VII.14 Feline with cub: a. Gaza syn
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VII.16 Shepherd: a. Be’er Shem‘
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VII.18 Figure leading camel: a. Kis
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VII.20 Fishing: a. Beth Loya, two e
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VIII.2 Seasons: a. Caesarea: Spring
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VIII.4 Beth She’an monastery, Hal
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IX.2 Flanking birds: a. Beth Shean,
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IX.4 a. Huseifa, unidentical menoro
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X.2 Susiya synagogue: a. panel Tora
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X.4 Jabaliyah church, north aisle.
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XI.2 Crosses on mosaic pavements: a
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XI.4 Tabgha, Church of the Multipli
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XII.2
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XII.4 Beth Leontis, Beth She’an:
Page 419 and 420:
XII.6 Similarities between animals:
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XII.8 Similarities between animals
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glossary 293 GLOSSARY Aedicula Ston
Page 425 and 426:
list of sites 295 ABBREVIATIONS ACR
Page 427 and 428:
Abel, F. M. 1924 Décourvertes réc
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1969 Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, I
Page 431 and 432:
2001 The Nilometer, in Measuting an
Page 433 and 434:
The Art of Byzantium and the Mediev
Page 435 and 436:
1995 The Activity of the Mosaicists
Page 437 and 438:
1971 The Secret of the ‘En Gedi I
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