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255 Table L5: Some water consumption data for the Clermont Township in the Durban Functional Region. Households Site Existing Mean rooms Total Mean Mean service per stand consumption consumption consumption 1375 rooms on for survey for survey for survey 35 stands and sample sample sample 280 rooms on It day·') (t stand-' (t room-' 36 stands day-') day") respectively for survey households) Reservoir zone Water only 10,7 15124 432 40 R1 and R5 Reservoir zone Sewerage 7,8 28191 783 101 R4 and water Water only · · . 40 Reservoir zone No water · · - 40 Rl. R4 and R5 connection Shops Sewerage · - 1 624 - and water (8 stands) Water only - - 650 - (28 stands) No water - - 650 . (11 stands) Schools Sewerage - - 30 t capita-1 and water day·' - Water only - · 12 t capita-1 dayl - Source: See also: After Anonymous. 1988. Republic of South Africa. Department of Development Aid (on behalf ofthe South African Development Trustl. Chief Directorate: Works, Directorates: Civil and Agricultural Engineering Services, Project No. Z790 Clermont: Pinetown District: Natal, revised report on water consumption and augmentation of storage capacity, J.C. Themn Burke and Isaac Inc., Westville, 20 p. + app. Palmer Development Group, 1994. Water and sanitation in urban areas: survey of on-site conditions. WRC Report No. 561/1/94, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, 63 p. + app. (The report provides data on water and sanitation conditions with reference to backyard shacks, in six townships in South Africa including Clermont). (i) Recent household or per capita water consumption data for formal and less formal households in black townships are extremely difficult
* 256 to obtain. Difficulties include leaks; the damaging of street standpipes (sometimes left gushing for long periods); the seasonal availability of alternative supplies such as springs and rainwater; the reuse of water. and the impossibility of establishing the actual (sleepon-the-premises) population - given inter alia the construction of backyard shacks and accordingly. problems in determining the number of "households·. Other factors are unauthorized connections; defective water meters; the virtual breakdown of services in many townships - and the real physical danger to service suppliers. meter readers. and maintenance crews in certain areas. The philosophy of "entitlement" where services are not paid for, although expectations exist that much improved services should nonetheless be provided. also complicates accurate measurements of household consumption. With the possible exception of older data. many of the consumption figures provided in the engineering literature are "guesstimates" based on total water demand for the area. divided by the estimated population. (Demographic information may be seriously in error especially in the major urban areas subject to high in-migration and land invasion). It should be noted that water consumption from unmetered yard or street standpipes in several black townships has been found to be excessive with regard to actual needs*. It could be argued that water consumption in many high income households is also excessive in relation to actual (as opposed to perceived) needs. However. water in high income households is paid for, which is certainly not the case in many townships. See Bekker, A.P., 1980. Need for control of water consumption in low income housing projects· a technical report, Paper No. 19, Seminar on Water Supply and Drainage Services in Developing Countries, National Building Research Institute, CSIR, 30 September' 2 October 1980, Pretoria, 3 p., as well as Davis, A.B., 1980. Factors of bulk water supply and main sewerage for low cost housing schemes, Paper No. 15, Seminar on Water Supply and Drainage Services in Developing Countries, National Building Research Institute, CSIR, 30 September - 2 October 1980, Pretoria, 11 p. See in addition: Du P1essis, P.A., 1980. Water and sewerage in urban black communities, Paper No. 14, Seminar on Water Supply and Drainage Services in Developing Countries, National Building Research Institute, CSIR, 30 September· 2 October 1980, Pretoria, 3 p., and Uys, W.J., 1980. Water supply in the national states of South Africa, Paper No. 13, Seminar on Water Supply and Drainage Services inDeveloping Countries, National Building Research Institute, CSIR, 30 September' 2 October 1980, Pretoria, 7 p. (Other papers presented at the seminar are also highly relevant). Uys (1980) found that mean daily water consumption in the period 1967 - 1973, increased from 570· 737 r per stand in KwaMashu (metered connectionsl - probably reflecting higher standards of living as well as increased household numbers due to in-migration. In the same period, mean daily water consumption for Umlazi increased from 1 060· 1 420 I per stand indicative of (in reality), unmetered conditions. By 1975, mean daily water consumption in Umlazi had reached 1 757 I per stand (Davis, 1980), whereupon numerous meters were installed (in 1976). Consumption declined in the interim, rising again (although at a slower rate) in 1978 when reading of the installed meters commenced. Davis observed however, that difficulties were encountered at that time with the reading of meters and the collection of monies, which effectively resulted in higher consumption. (It should be noted for comparative purposes, that the design stand consumption was 1 136 t day"}. Excessive water consumption (whether due to .Ieaks and/or the waste of water), can have important design and financial implications for required extensions to water and sanitation systems. In semi-arid areas, the wastage of water by urban residents can result in a denial of water to other potential or existing consumers, either in tenns of water 1!!1!: g. or due to budgetary constraints for the necessary infrastructure.
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255<br />
Table L5: Some water consumption data for the Clermont Township in the Durban<br />
Functional Region.<br />
Households<br />
Site Existing Mean rooms Total Mean Mean<br />
service per stand consumption consumption consumption<br />
1375 rooms on for survey for survey for survey<br />
35 stands and sample sample sample<br />
280 rooms on It day·') (t stand-' (t room-'<br />
36 stands day-') day")<br />
respectively<br />
for survey<br />
households)<br />
Reservoir zone Water only 10,7 15124 432 40<br />
R1 and R5<br />
Reservoir zone Sewerage 7,8 28191 783 101<br />
R4 and water<br />
Water only · · . 40<br />
Reservoir zone No water · · - 40<br />
Rl. R4 and R5 connection<br />
Shops Sewerage · - 1 624 -<br />
and water<br />
(8 stands)<br />
Water only - - 650 -<br />
(28 stands)<br />
No water - - 650 .<br />
(11 stands)<br />
Schools Sewerage - - 30 t capita-1 and water<br />
day·' -<br />
Water only - · 12 t capita-1 dayl<br />
-<br />
Source:<br />
See also:<br />
After Anonymous. 1988. Republic <strong>of</strong> South Africa. Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Development Aid (on behalf <strong>of</strong>the South African Development Trustl. Chief<br />
Directorate: Works, Directorates: Civil and Agricultural Engineering<br />
Services, Project No. Z790 Clermont: Pinetown District: Natal, revised<br />
report on water consumption and augmentation <strong>of</strong> storage capacity, J.C.<br />
Themn Burke and Isaac Inc., Westville, 20 p. + app.<br />
Palmer Development Group, 1994. Water and sanitation in urban areas:<br />
survey <strong>of</strong> on-site conditions. WRC Report No. 561/1/94, Water Research<br />
Commission, Pretoria, 63 p. + app. (The report provides data on water and<br />
sanitation conditions with reference to backyard shacks, in six townships<br />
in South Africa including Clermont).<br />
(i) Recent household or per capita water consumption data for formal<br />
and less formal households in black townships are extremely difficult
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