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* *** 251 111111111111r.1 of which 45% is flood-irrigated, with a further 12,5% under microirrigation (Anonymous, 1994)*. A new irrigation policy for South Africa, which will assist in the optimum use of irrigation water, is presently under discussion* * . (vi) Much debate has centred on the timing of the ultimate water crisis in South Africa as a whole, namely, when overall demand will exceed overall supply (notwithstanding the impacts of droughts). Before such a situation is reached however, a water quality crisis will probably be evident, with insufficient freshwater available to dilute industrial effluents and agricultural return flows. The Commission of Enquiry into Water Matters (1970, quoted in Hattingh, 1979)*** suggested that the demand for water would outstrip the economically available supply by the turn of the century. Du Plessis and Van Robbroeck (1978, quoted in Hattingh, 1979) calculated that the annual growth rate in water demand was not as high as the estimated 7% bearing in mind technological supply and demand innovations such as desalination, recycling and water restrictions. Du Plessis and Van Robbroeck estimated the total volume of economically available water at 34 x 10 9 m 3 y-1 (as opposed to the 27 - 29 x 10 9 m 3 y-1 assumed earlier). In their calculations, Du Plessis and Van Robbroeck assumed that a consumption rate of 500 m 3 capita- 1 y-1 11 370 t capita- 1 day") was not unrealistic, within the range 200 - 2 300 m 3 capita- 1 y-1 found in other countries. Assuming such a consumption rate, the demand for water will probably exceed the available supply around 2010 - based on an approximately 2,2% increase in population each year - with a total population of some 66 400 000 people by 2010. Other projections can also be found in the literature and the ·cut-off" date is open to speculation. However, what is certain, is that the water crisis will strike in the first half of the next century. What is not clear is whether the crisis will be one of affordabilitv (namely, financial constraints on the importation of water from elsewhere in Africa); or an absolute crisis (not enough water Jll!r g), or at best, insufficient water in economically important regions. These issues are discussed in Anonymous (1986 - above). (The findings and recommendations of the Commission of Enquiry into Water Matters are reproduced in Anonymous, 1986). See Anonymous, 1994. SA op voorpunt met besproeiing, Agricultural News. 11 April 1994, p. 5. See Backeberg, G.R., Bembridge, T.J., Bennie, A.T.P., Groenewald, J.A., Hammes, P.S., Pullen, R.A. and Thompson, H., 1996. Policy proposal for irrigated agriculture in South Africa: discussion paper, WRC Report No. KV 96/96, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, 119 p. See Hatlingh, W.H.J.;1979. Suggestions for water research with regard to health aspects of potable water, Symposium on Health Aspects of Water Supplies, National Institute for Water Research and the Institute of Water Pollution Control {Southern African Branchl, 15 November 1979, Pretoria, 18 p.
1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per capita household consumption data for formal urban households in the Durban-Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Axis. Pietermaritzburg Income group High density Medium density low density High Suburb , Clarendon Ferncliffe Population group White White Occupancy (per household) 4,0 4,0 Mean daily consumption 360 360 (t capita-') Upper Suburb , Mountain Rise Clarendon middle Population group Asian White Occupancy (per household) 7,4 4,0 Mean daily consumption 240 330 It capita-') Middle Suburb Hayfields Hayfields , (duplexes) Population group White White Occupancy (per household) 2,2 4,0 Mean daily consumption 185 230 It capita-') lower Suburb Northdale Bisley - middle Population group Asian White Occupancy (per household) 5,6 4,0 Mean daily consumption 130 It capita-') lower Suburb Eastwood Westgate - Durban Population group Coloured White Occupancy (per hou!!ehold) 5,6 4,0 Mean daily consumption 90 125 It capita") High Suburb , Durban North Durban North Population group White White Occupancy (per household) 3,24 3,24
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
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79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
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81 Station closed Station closed U2
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83 Station Drainage region Station
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85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
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87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
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89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
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Table J28: Some relevant data on se
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IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
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100 the respective departments at P
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1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
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104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
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Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
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1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
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110 There is a growing South Africa
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112 Attention has also been focused
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114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
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116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
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IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
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1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
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10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
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124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
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111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
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Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
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Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
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133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
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139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
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141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
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143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
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145 1111111111111 the Board will as
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147 Table J40: Administrative regio
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149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
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151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
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153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
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156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
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158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
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Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
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162 off low - responsible inter ali
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11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
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tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
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Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
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Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
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174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
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176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
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179 a particular site, then a stati
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181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
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183 good. with a total dissolved so
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(iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
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187 Table K1: Some geological forma
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189 fault-bounded blocks, although
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191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
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193 coarse and the latter, fine and
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195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
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11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
Page 205 and 206: 201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
Page 207 and 208: 203 boreholes are drilled for both
Page 209 and 210: 205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
Page 211 and 212: 207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
Page 213 and 214: (a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
Page 215: Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
Page 218: 214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
Page 222 and 223: JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
Page 224 and 225: i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
Page 226 and 227: 222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
Page 228 and 229: 1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
Page 230 and 231: 226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
Page 232 and 233: 228 also obtainable from the Ground
Page 234 and 235: Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
Page 236 and 237: 232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
Page 238 and 239: 234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
Page 240 and 241: Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
Page 242 and 243: NOTES: 238
Page 244 and 245: 239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
Page 246 and 247: 12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
Page 248 and 249: 243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
Page 250 and 251: Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
Page 252 and 253: Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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Page 259 and 260: lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
Page 261 and 262: * 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
Page 263 and 264: 1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
Page 265 and 266: 260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
Page 267 and 268: * ** 262 are in agreement with cons
Page 270 and 271: Table L7: Some South African indust
Page 272 and 273: Table L7: 267 Some South African In
Page 274 and 275: Table L7: 269 Some South African in
Page 276 and 277: Table L7: 271 Some South African In
Page 278 and 279: Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
Page 281 and 282: 276 concentrate on the provision of
Page 283: 278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
Page 286 and 287: Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
Page 288 and 289: Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
Page 291 and 292: 286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
Page 293 and 294: IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
Page 296: 291 design phase of projects. Any a
Page 299 and 300: 294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
Page 301: 11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
Page 304 and 305: 299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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