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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Personal communication, Department of Botany, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. See also: (i) Smitter, V.H., 1955. Plants as indicators of ground water in southern Africa, Trees in South Africa, VOl 7(3), p. 6 - 10. Table K9: (ii) Van Wyk, W.L, 1963. Ground-water studies in northern Natal, Zululand and surrounding areas, Memoir No. 52, Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Pretoria, 135 p. and map. IBrief reference is made to hygrophilous trees in this publication). Common grasses in NatallKwaZulu found on wet soils. Botanical name Common name Acroceras macrum Nile grass Andropogon eucomus Snowflake grass Bothriochloa glabra Purple plumed grass Brachiaria serrata Velvet signalgrass Bromus wildenowii Rescue grass Cymbopogon validus Giant turpentine-grass Daetvlis glomerata Cocksfoot Digitaria smutsii Smuts' fingergrass Echinochloa crus-galli Barny.ard millet Eragrostis plana Fan lovegrass Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue . Hemarthria altissima Red swampgrass Hyparrhenia aucta & H. rufa Giant thatchgrass Hyparrhenia filipendula Fine thatchgrass , Imperata cylindrica Cottonwool grass Leersia hexandra Wild ricegrass Miscanthidium capense East-coast broomgrass Monocymbium ceresiiforme Wild oatgrass Paspalum dilatatum Common paspalum Paspalum notatum Paspalum urvillei Pennisetum clandestinum Lawn paspalum Giant paspalum Kikuyu
227 11...111(11 Table K9: Common grasses in Natal/KwaZulu found on wet soils (continued). Botanical name Common name Poa annua Annual bluegrass Setaria chevalieri Broadleaved setaria Setaria sphacelata Golden setaria Stenotaphrum secundatum Coastal buffalo grass Source: Note: After Tainton, N.M., Bransby, DJ. and Booysen, P. de V., 1979. Common Veld and Pasture Grasses of Natal, Shuter and Shooter, Pietermaritzburg, 198 p. The above publication discusses grass species in forests and forest margins, as well as species found in compacted, shallow, fertile and sandy soils. Species typical of sweet, mixed and sour open grassveld are also outlined.. Grasses found on old lands, and in overgrazed and over-rested veld are likewise listed. Summer and winter pasture grasses plus grasses typical of the 11 bioclimatic groups are described. The following publication also provides a list of grasses as indicator species with regard to the general condition of soils, as well as species typical of soil and veld types: Du Toit, P.C.V., 1986. The grassveld types of South Africa: their distribution, characteristics and management, with particular reference to Natal, Cedara Report No. N/A/86/7, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply (Natal Region), Cedara, 21 p. + app. 11.17 Some primary publications on groundwater in South Africa* 11.17.1 General • • * Anonymous, 1986. Management of the Water Resources of the Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, various pages. Anonymous, 1987. Borehole WaterAssociation of Southern Africa: minimum code of practice for borehole construction and pump installation, Borehole Water Association of Southern Africa, Johannesburg, 19 p. (Advisory publications are Numerous technical reports on a variety of groundwater issues are available from the Directorate of Geohydrology, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria - see the bibliographic database. The Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, has likewise produced a considerable number of publications. The Institute however, has not undertaken any groundwater surveys in NatallKwaZulu.
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
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79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
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81 Station closed Station closed U2
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83 Station Drainage region Station
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85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
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87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
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89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
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Table J28: Some relevant data on se
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IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
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100 the respective departments at P
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1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
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104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
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Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
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1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
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110 There is a growing South Africa
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112 Attention has also been focused
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114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
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116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
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IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
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1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
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10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
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124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
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111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
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Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
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Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
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133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
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139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
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141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
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143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
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145 1111111111111 the Board will as
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147 Table J40: Administrative regio
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149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
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151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
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153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
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156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
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158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
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Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
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162 off low - responsible inter ali
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11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
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tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
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Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
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Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
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174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
Page 180 and 181: 176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
Page 183 and 184: 179 a particular site, then a stati
Page 185 and 186: 181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
Page 187 and 188: 183 good. with a total dissolved so
Page 189 and 190: (iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
Page 191 and 192: 187 Table K1: Some geological forma
Page 193 and 194: 189 fault-bounded blocks, although
Page 195 and 196: 191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
Page 197 and 198: 193 coarse and the latter, fine and
Page 199 and 200: 195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
Page 202 and 203: 11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
Page 205 and 206: 201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
Page 207 and 208: 203 boreholes are drilled for both
Page 209 and 210: 205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
Page 211 and 212: 207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
Page 213 and 214: (a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
Page 215: Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
Page 218: 214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
Page 222 and 223: JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
Page 224 and 225: i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
Page 226 and 227: 222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
Page 228 and 229: 1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
Page 232 and 233: 228 also obtainable from the Ground
Page 234 and 235: Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
Page 236 and 237: 232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
Page 238 and 239: 234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
Page 240 and 241: Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
Page 242 and 243: NOTES: 238
Page 244 and 245: 239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
Page 246 and 247: 12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
Page 248 and 249: 243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
Page 250 and 251: Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
Page 252 and 253: Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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Page 257 and 258: 1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
Page 259 and 260: lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
Page 261 and 262: * 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
Page 263 and 264: 1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
Page 265 and 266: 260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
Page 267 and 268: * ** 262 are in agreement with cons
Page 270 and 271: Table L7: Some South African indust
Page 272 and 273: Table L7: 267 Some South African In
Page 274 and 275: Table L7: 269 Some South African in
Page 276 and 277: Table L7: 271 Some South African In
Page 278 and 279: Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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