View/Open - University of Zululand Institutional Repository
View/Open - University of Zululand Institutional Repository View/Open - University of Zululand Institutional Repository
1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are low. usually 10% of TDS. (c) There is a high soda alkalinity with an average of 50% of the TDS. due to NaHC0 3 rather than Na2C03' (d) There is generally more Ca than Mg. (e) There is very little permanent hardness. (f) Group D waters are found further inland from Group C waters. (g) A feature of waters in northern Natal is the occurrence of acid mine water in the coal mining areas. These waters create a serious pollution hazard. The water is not potable and is characterized by a pH of
11.15 Hygrophilous trees in NatallKwaZulu 225· Table K8 provides a brief list of trees which are frequently associated with water bodies. These water bodies are, in many cases, quite obvious in the form of surface water but also occur as shallow groundwater. In the latter situation, the presence of hygrophilous trees is a useful indicator, especially in dry environments. In moist areas, hygrophilous vegetation is often less dependent on groundwater, and is therefore a less reliable indicator. Another factor which should be considered is that the occurrence of groundwater may be seasonal (see the chapter on wetlands and pans). 11.16 Grasses typical of wet areas in Natal/KwaZulu Grasses found in wet areas are outlined in Table K9. Table K8: Some hygrophilous trees in NatallKwaZulu. Botanical name Common name Bowkeria verticillata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Schinz Natal shell-flower bush Breonardia microcephala IDelile) Ridsd. Matumi Cassipourea gummiflua Tu!. Onionwood Commiphora ugogensis Eng!. River commiphora Duvernoia adhatodoides E. Meyer ex Nees Pistol bush Englerodaphne pilosa Burtt Davy Silky fibre-bush Ficus sycomorus l. Sycamore fig lIex mitis (l.l Radkl. African holly Macaranga capensis (Baillon) Benth. Wild poplar Mavtenus mossambicensis (Klotzsch) Blakelock Red forest spike-thorn Phoenix reclinata l. Wild date palm Rauvolfia caffra Sond. Quinine tree Syzvgium cordatum Hochst. Umdoni Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf Toad tree Tarenna laurentii IDe Wild.) Garcia - Tarenna pavettoides (Harvey) T.R. Sim Bastard bride's bush Trichocladus ellipticus Eck!. & Zeyh. White witch-hazel Voacanga thouarsii Roemer & J.A. Schultes Wild frangipani
- Page 178 and 179: 174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
- Page 180 and 181: 176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
- Page 183 and 184: 179 a particular site, then a stati
- Page 185 and 186: 181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
- Page 187 and 188: 183 good. with a total dissolved so
- Page 189 and 190: (iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
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- Page 195 and 196: 191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
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- Page 199 and 200: 195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
- Page 202 and 203: 11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
- Page 205 and 206: 201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
- Page 207 and 208: 203 boreholes are drilled for both
- Page 209 and 210: 205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
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- Page 213 and 214: (a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
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- Page 222 and 223: JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
- Page 224 and 225: i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
- Page 226 and 227: 222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
- Page 230 and 231: 226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
- Page 232 and 233: 228 also obtainable from the Ground
- Page 234 and 235: Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
- Page 236 and 237: 232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
- Page 238 and 239: 234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
- Page 240 and 241: Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
- Page 242 and 243: NOTES: 238
- Page 244 and 245: 239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
- Page 246 and 247: 12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
- Page 248 and 249: 243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
- Page 250 and 251: Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
- Page 252 and 253: Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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- Page 257 and 258: 1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
- Page 259 and 260: lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
- Page 261 and 262: * 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
- Page 263 and 264: 1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
- Page 265 and 266: 260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
- Page 267 and 268: * ** 262 are in agreement with cons
- Page 270 and 271: Table L7: Some South African indust
- Page 272 and 273: Table L7: 267 Some South African In
- Page 274 and 275: Table L7: 269 Some South African in
- Page 276 and 277: Table L7: 271 Some South African In
1[11....11.,1<br />
224<br />
(b) Chlorides are low. usually 10% <strong>of</strong> TDS.<br />
(c) There is a high soda alkalinity with an average <strong>of</strong> 50% <strong>of</strong> the TDS. due to NaHC0 3<br />
rather than Na2C03'<br />
(d) There is generally more Ca than Mg.<br />
(e) There is very little permanent hardness.<br />
(f) Group D waters are found further inland from Group C waters.<br />
(g) A feature <strong>of</strong> waters in northern Natal is the occurrence <strong>of</strong> acid mine water in the<br />
coal mining areas. These waters create a serious pollution hazard. The water is<br />
not potable and is characterized by a pH <strong>of</strong>
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