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IIfll••11I11 Contents (continued} 168 11.7 Methods of groundwater exploitation .•••.•••.... . . . • . • • . . . . • . •. 198 11 .7.1 Borehole depths •.•••.•..••.•••.•••••...•.•.•..•... 198 11.7.2 Springs •....••.....•••.•..•••••.•..•...•...••••• 198 11.8 Methods of groundwater location • • • • . • . . . • • • • . . . . • • . . . • • • • . . .. 199 11.9 Government drilling services •.•.•••••••.•..••.•.•.••....••.•• 201 11.9.1 South Africa. . . . . • • . • . . . • . • • • • • . . . . • • . • . . • . • . . . . •• 201 11.9.2 KwaZulu •.•...............••••.•.•.•.•.•••...••• 204 la) Boreholes .•..•..••.••••••.••••••...•.•.•••..• 204 Ib) Wells •••.••..•...••..•.••.•..••.•..•........ 205 11.10 Groundwater equipment ...••.••..•.•..•..•..•...•.•.•...••• 206 11.11 Standards applicable to the borehole industry .•..•••.••.•.••..•••. 207 11.12 Spring protection in KwaZulu . • • • . . • • • • • • . . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . • . . .. 207 11.12.1 Types of springs • • • . . . . . . • • • • . . • . . • . • . . • . • • . • . . . . .• 208 la) Gravity springs • • • • . • • • • • • • • . . • • . • . • . • • • . . • • • . .. 209 Ib) Artesian springs • • . . . . • . • . • • . . • • • • . • . . . . . • • • • • •. 209 11.13 Springs. boreholes and wells in Natal • . • • . • • • • • . . . • • • • . . . . . • • . •. 212 11.14 Overall groundwater quality in South Africa •..•••••.••••••••••••. 217 11.14.1 Some general observations regarding groundwater quality laccording to Bond. 1946) • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • . • • • • . . . . . . . . . . .. 220 11.14.2 An examination of the Bond (1946) classification. with comments on northern NatallKwaZulu ••.•.•••.••••••.•.....••.•. 221 11.15 Hygrophilous trees in Natal/KwaZulu ........................... 225 11.16 Grasses typical of wet areas in NatallKwaZulu •.••••••••••••••••.. 225 11.17 Some primary publications on groundwater in South Africa • • • • • • • • • • • . 227 11.17.1 General •.••.•••••••••••••••••••....•••••••••••.. 227 11.17.2 Natal/Kwazulu survey reports las per mapping unit) •••••••••. 232
Tables 169 Table K1: Some geological formations in South Africa. with special reference to Natal/KwaZulu •.•.•...•.•...•.•..•.•.. . . . . . . • . . • • • • .• 187 Table K2: A brief overview of the groundwater potential of Natal/KwaZulu in terms of bioclimatic group •.•..•••••••••••.••••.•.••.•..• 197 Table K3: Methods of hydrogeological investigation used in Natal/KwaZulu •••• 200 Table K4: Spring discharge in the Vulindlela District of KwaZulu. October 1982 - September 1983 •.•..•.••••••••.•••••...••.••••..•..• 211 Table K5: The number of ephemeral and perennial springs on white. Indian or Coloured owned or managed farms in Natal. 1960 • • • • • . • . . . • . •. 213 Table K6: The depth and yield characteristics of functional boreholes providing usable water on white. Indian or Coloured owned or managed farms in Natal. 1960 ...•.•.•••.....•..•.•........•....•...... 215 Table K7: The depth and yield characteristics of functional wells providing usable water on white. Indian or Coloured owned or managed farms in Natal. 1960 ."••.•••••.•...•••..••.•••...•..•.......•••••• 216 Table K8: Some hygrophilous trees in Natal/KwaZulu ••..•....•.•.••••.• 225 Table K9: Common grasses in Natal/KwaZulu found on wet soils 226
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
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79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
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81 Station closed Station closed U2
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83 Station Drainage region Station
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85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
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87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
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89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
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Table J28: Some relevant data on se
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IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
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100 the respective departments at P
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1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
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104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
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Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
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1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
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110 There is a growing South Africa
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112 Attention has also been focused
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114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
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116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
Page 121 and 122: IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
Page 133: Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
Page 136 and 137: 133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Page 159 and 160: 156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
Page 161 and 162: 158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
Page 163 and 164: Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
Page 165 and 166: 162 off low - responsible inter ali
Page 167 and 168: 11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
Page 169 and 170: tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
Page 171: Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
Page 178 and 179: 174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
Page 180 and 181: 176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
Page 183 and 184: 179 a particular site, then a stati
Page 185 and 186: 181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
Page 187 and 188: 183 good. with a total dissolved so
Page 189 and 190: (iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
Page 191 and 192: 187 Table K1: Some geological forma
Page 193 and 194: 189 fault-bounded blocks, although
Page 195 and 196: 191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
Page 197 and 198: 193 coarse and the latter, fine and
Page 199 and 200: 195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
Page 202 and 203: 11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
Page 205 and 206: 201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
Page 207 and 208: 203 boreholes are drilled for both
Page 209 and 210: 205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
Page 211 and 212: 207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
Page 213 and 214: (a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
Page 215: Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
Page 218: 214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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