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151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agencies. All maintenance costs (where relevant), are borne by the Department. Several non-government organizations have undertaken the upgrading of water sources, especially springs, in non-urban areas of KwaZulu and in a few SADT areas. The Natal Parks Board is involved with the provision (facilitation) of services including water supplies and sanitation- in black rural areas bordering conserved land *. The KwaZulu Department of Health (with special reference to rural and peri-urban areas), provides advice on health matters and undertakes a monitoring and evaluation function in terms of communicable diseases, sanitation and other services* *. 10.19.3 Joint Services Boards in NatallKwaZulu Joint Services Boards (JSBs), known as Regional Services Councils in the other provinces, were established in terms of the KwaZulu and Natal Joint Services Act No. 84 of 1990. The main purpose of the JSBs is to provide bulk services across political and administrative boundaries within a given geographic area, thereby promoting planning and operational efficiency. Services may include water supplies, sanitation, fire fighting, solid waste management, the construction of community facilities such as clinics, and tourism. The seven former Regional Water Services Corporations (RWSCs) now form part of the various Joint Services Boards. The Pinetown, North Coast and Amanzimtoti RWSCs were incorporated in the Port Natal/Ebhodwe JSB, with the Lower South Coast and Umzinto RWSCs, now part of the Southern Natal JSB. The North East Zululand RWSC was incorporated in the Zululand JSB. The Dundee-Glencoe RWSC in turn, was incorporated in the Thukela JSB. The amalgamation took effect in 1991. It should be noted that the JSBs place a high priority on the provision of water supplies in black settled areas. Table J43 lists all the Joint Services Boards in Natal/KwaZulu, with their constituent local * ** The Independent Development Trust, PO Box 16114, Vlaeberg, 8018, has funded over 130 development projects including water schemes in rural NatallKwazulu in the last few years. Some informal project-
111111tBIIIIl{i 152 authorities*. Brief data on Joint Services Boards' infrastructure services are provided in Table J44. TableJ43: Joint Services Boards in NatallKwaZulu with their constituent local authorities, 1993. * Joint Services Board Constituent local authorities East GriquaJand Joint Services Board. P 0 Box 8, Kokstad, 4700 Town Councils Kokstad and Matatiele Town Board Cedarville· Local Affairs Committees Cedarville; Kokstad and Matatiele Town Committees Bhongweni and Itsokolele Local Authority Committee Mzingisi Natal Midlands Joint Services Board. P 0 Box 3235, Pietermaritzburg. 3200 City Council Pietermaritzburg Town Councils Greytown; Howick and Mooi River Town Boards Hilton; Richmond and Weenen Health Committees Ashburton; Camperdown; Creighton; Dalton; Himeville; Impendle; Ixopo; Kranskop; Mount Michael; Mpolweni; New Hanover; Underberg and Wartburg Local Affairs Committees Greytown (Indian); Greytown (Coloured); Howick (Indian); Howick (Coloured); Ixopo; Mooi River; Pietermaritzburg (Indian); Pietermaritzburg (Coloured) and Richmond (Indian) Town Committees Bruntville; Enhlalakahle and Sobantu Local Authority Committee KwaMevana KwaZulu Regional Authorities Hlanganani; Izindhlovu; Mpumalanga; Msjnga; Nkandla and Vulindlela The Joint Services Boards were disbanded on the 1st of August 1996, and were replaced by Regional Councils (RCs). There are seven councils as follows: ilembe Regional Council, P 0 Box 1520, Durban, 4000; iNdfovu Regional Council, PO Box 3235, Pietermaritzburg, 3200; uMzinyathi Regional Council, P 0 Box 1965, Dundee, 3000; uThukela Regional Council, P 0 Box 116, Ladysmith, 3370; uThungulu Regional Council, Private Bag Xl025, Richards Bay, 3900; Ugu Regional Council, PO Box 33, Port Shepstone, 4240, and the Zululand Regional Council, Private Bag X76, Ulundi, 3838. Note that part of the area administered by the former Port NatafJEbhodwe Joint Services Board, was transferred toa new structure known as the Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council. The remainder of this (formerl JSB area falls under the jurisdiction of the ilembe Regional Council.
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
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79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
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81 Station closed Station closed U2
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83 Station Drainage region Station
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85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
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87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
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89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
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Table J28: Some relevant data on se
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IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
Page 103 and 104: 100 the respective departments at P
Page 105 and 106: 1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
Page 107 and 108: 104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
Page 109 and 110: Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
Page 111 and 112: 1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
Page 113 and 114: 110 There is a growing South Africa
Page 115 and 116: 112 Attention has also been focused
Page 117 and 118: 114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
Page 119 and 120: 116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
Page 121 and 122: IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
Page 133: Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
Page 136 and 137: 133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Page 159 and 160: 156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
Page 161 and 162: 158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
Page 163 and 164: Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
Page 165 and 166: 162 off low - responsible inter ali
Page 167 and 168: 11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
Page 169 and 170: tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
Page 171 and 172: Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
Page 173: Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
Page 178 and 179: 174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
Page 180 and 181: 176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
Page 183 and 184: 179 a particular site, then a stati
Page 185 and 186: 181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
Page 187 and 188: 183 good. with a total dissolved so
Page 189 and 190: (iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
Page 191 and 192: 187 Table K1: Some geological forma
Page 193 and 194: 189 fault-bounded blocks, although
Page 195 and 196: 191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
Page 197 and 198: 193 coarse and the latter, fine and
Page 199 and 200: 195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
Page 202 and 203: 11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
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201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
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203 boreholes are drilled for both
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205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
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207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
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(a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
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Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
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214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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