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9 tlllll.II'1111 The distribution of the catchment areas of the 71 main rivers in NatallKwaZulu, is outlined in Table J3. Approximately 50% of the catchments are less than 40 km 2 in extent. Six of the rivers in NatallKwaZulu are longer than 200 km, while 22 rivers are less than 10 km in length, with 39 rivers less than 20 km in length. Nine rivers rise at an elevation greater than 1 000 m, 22 rivers rise at an elevation of more than 500 m, with 66 rivers rising at an altitude of more than 100 m. The overall gradients of the rivers in Natal/KwaZulu are generally steep (Table J4). Such gradients however, are variable along the length of the rivers and especially along the lower reaches. A few examples to illustrate this trend are provided in Table J5. Table J3: Distribution of the catchment areas of the 71 main rivers in NatallKwaZulu. Area Number of catchments Percentage (km 2 ) 1 - 10 8 11 11 - 20 16 23 21 - 50 15 21 51 - 250 13 18 251 - 500 4 6 501 - 1 000 7 10 1001 - 2 000 1 1 2001 - 4 000 2 3 4001 - 8 000 3 4 8001 - 16000 1 1 16001 - 32 000 1 1 Source: After Anonymous, 1990. Hydro factors affecting siltation in the lower reaches of Natal/KwaZulu rivers, CSIR Report No. EMA-D 9006, Division of Earth, Marine and Atmospheric Science and Technology, CSIR, Stellenbosch, 22 p. + app.
Table J4: Overall gradient distribution of the 71 main rivers in Natal/KwaZulu. Source: Table J5: Overall gradient Number of rivers Percentage (1 :) 10 0-25 3 4 26 - 50 24 34 51 - 100 27 38 101 - 200 13 18 201 - 400 4 6 After Anonymous, 1990. Hydro factors affecting siltation in the lower reaches of Natal/KwaZulu rivers, CSIR Report No. EMA-D 9006, Division of . Earth, Marine and Atmospheric Science and Technology, CSIR, Stellenbosch, 22 p. + app. Examples of rivers in Natal/KwaZulu with variable gradients Inorth tosouth). River Overall gradient Gradient over lowest given distance Mfolozi 1: 240 1 : 1 724 over lowest 100 km Mhlatuze 1 : 165 1 : 1 075 over lowest 51 km Tugela 1: 130 1 : 1 905 over lowest 12 km Mvoti 1 : 133 1 : 424 over lowest 32 km 1 : 773 over lowest 4,3 km Tongati 1 : 67 1 : 645 over lowest 10 km Mgeni 1 : 127 1 : 385 over lowest 16 km Manzimtoti 1: 42 1 : 357 over lowest 3 km Mkomazi 1 : 112 1 : 1 111 over lowest 16 km Mpambanyoni 1 : 104 1 : 213 over lowest 19 km 1 : 460 over lowest 2,3 km Mtwalume 1 : 86 1 : 357 over lowest 4 km Mzumbe 1: 90 1 : 310 over lowest 3 km Mzimkulu 1 : 135 1 : 1 000 over lowest 16 km Mbizana 1 : 54 1 : 521 over lowest 2,4 km Mtamvuna 1: 84 1 : 769 over lowest 10 km Source: After Anonymous, 1990. Hydro factors affecting siltation in the lower reaches of Natal/KwaZulu rivers, CSIR Report No. EMA-D 9006, Division of Earth, Marine and Atmospheric Science and Technology, CSIR, Stellenbosch, 22 p. + app.
Page 1: A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
Page 4 and 5: Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
Page 7 and 8: lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
Page 9 and 10: 11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
Page 11: Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Page 18 and 19: Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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Page 22 and 23: 19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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Page 26 and 27: 23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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Page 45 and 46: 10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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Page 54 and 55: 51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
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79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
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81 Station closed Station closed U2
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83 Station Drainage region Station
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85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
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87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
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89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
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Table J28: Some relevant data on se
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IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
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100 the respective departments at P
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1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
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104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
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Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
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1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
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110 There is a growing South Africa
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112 Attention has also been focused
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114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
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116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
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IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
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1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
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10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
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124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
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111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
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Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
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Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
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133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
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Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
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139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
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141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
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143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
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145 1111111111111 the Board will as
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147 Table J40: Administrative regio
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149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
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151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
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153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
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156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
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158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
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Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
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162 off low - responsible inter ali
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11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
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tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
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Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
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Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
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174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
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176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
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179 a particular site, then a stati
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181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
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183 good. with a total dissolved so
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(iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
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187 Table K1: Some geological forma
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189 fault-bounded blocks, although
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191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
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193 coarse and the latter, fine and
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195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
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11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
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201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
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203 boreholes are drilled for both
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205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
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207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
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(a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
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Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
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214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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