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117 Act. The Act requires that anyone abstracting water at a rate in excess of 110 t s·1, or impounding more than 250 000 m 3 of water, must obtain a permit from the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry. These limitations are not absolute. Each riparian owner accordingly, is not automatically entitled to abstract up to 110 t s·1. The fair share principle is again applied, since most South African rivers would not have sufficient water for all irrigators claiming 110 t s·1. The limits of 110 t s·1 and a storage of 250 000 m 3 are applied (in terms of an amendment - Section 9B(1 Cl • to the Water Act), to suit local conditions. For example, in the Mgeni River catchment the limits are currently 25 t s·1 for abstractions and 50000 m 3 storage for dams, above which, permits are required from the Minister. The opposite may also hold and the limits have been raised in some catchments. The policy regarding surplus flow abstractions is "first come, first served", assuming that beneficial use of the water occurs. This principle is applied when considering applications in terms of Section 9B of the Act. The needs however, of other consumers, future water resources development, afforestation and the environment must all be assessed. 10.17.3 Use of water by local authorities Local authorities owning riparian land may also abstract their share ofthe normal flow, and as much surplus water as they can beneficially use. In terms of Section 13/3) of the Water Act no local authority may construct, alter or enlarge any waterwork in which more than 125 000 m 3 of public water is stored, or by means cif which more than 5 000 m 3 of public water per day could be abstracted or diverted, without a permit. Following the granting of a permit, the local authority must apply to the Water Court unless exempted in terms of Section 11 of the Act. In Government water control areas permits for local authorities are usually issued by the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, in terms of Section 56/3) of the Water Act. In addition to the above, a permit is required by virtue of Section 12A of the Act for the erection, enlargement or alteration of the process of any water care work*. * A water care work refers to a work used for the purification or treatment of water for human consumption or food processing, or for the purification, treatment or disposal of effluent or sewage.
IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of water by industrial undertakings Any industrial undertaking (as definedl using more than 150 m 3 of water per day (both public and private water as well as sea waterl. must apply for a permit in terms of Section 12(11 ofthe WaterAct. Important considerations are the prevention of pollution (including the purification/treatment of effluent and the correct operation of waste disposal sites). as well as the careful use of water. The industrial undertaking also requires permission from the Water Court in terms of Section 11 (1) of the Water Act for water abstraction. unless' exempted. Further details relating to water quality are provided in the chapter on water quality. 10.17.5 Water restrictions The Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry (by virtue of Section 9A of the Water Actl. may publish a notice inthe Republic of South Africa Government Gazette controlling. regulating. limiting or prohibiting the impoundment. storage. abstraction. supply or useof water in any area with a water shortage. or where a water shortage is likely to occur. 10.17.6 Water research levy The Water Research Commission was established in terms of the Water Research Act No. 34 of 1971. specifically to fund and undertake research into water and related issues. The Commission is financed in terms of Section 11 of the Act by a levy of R1.55 ha- 1 in respect of each hectare of land scheduled by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. or supplied with water from any Government water scheme. irrigation board or other statutory body. A levy of 1,43 c m- 3 on metered water is applicable to domestic. urban and industrial consumers supplied by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry; as well as by water boards. irrigation boards. Joint Services Boards. or any other local authority of a given size. The levy is revised annually. The data presented here refer to 1993.
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
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65 Table J24: Department of Water A
Page 70 and 71: 67 Table J24: Department of Water A
Page 82 and 83: 79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
Page 84 and 85: 81 Station closed Station closed U2
Page 86 and 87: 83 Station Drainage region Station
Page 88 and 89: 85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
Page 90 and 91: 87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
Page 92: 89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
Page 95: 111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
Page 98 and 99: Table J28: Some relevant data on se
Page 101 and 102: IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
Page 103 and 104: 100 the respective departments at P
Page 105 and 106: 1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
Page 107 and 108: 104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
Page 109 and 110: Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
Page 111 and 112: 1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
Page 113 and 114: 110 There is a growing South Africa
Page 115 and 116: 112 Attention has also been focused
Page 117 and 118: 114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
Page 119: 116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
Page 133: Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
Page 136 and 137: 133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Page 159 and 160: 156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
Page 161 and 162: 158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
Page 163 and 164: Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
Page 165 and 166: 162 off low - responsible inter ali
Page 167 and 168: 11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
Page 169 and 170: tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
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Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
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Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
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174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
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176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
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179 a particular site, then a stati
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181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
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183 good. with a total dissolved so
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(iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
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187 Table K1: Some geological forma
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189 fault-bounded blocks, although
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191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
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193 coarse and the latter, fine and
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195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
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11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
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201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
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203 boreholes are drilled for both
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205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
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207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
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(a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
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Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
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214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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