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113 • Department of Environmental and Geographical Science. University of Cape Town. Private Bag. Rondebosch, 7701. • Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Natal, Private Bag Xl0, Dalbridge, 4014. • Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002. • Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001. • EPPIC (Environmental Planning Professions Interdisciplinary Committee), PO Box 90142, Bertsham, 2013. • Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsvilfe, 3209. • Research Group: Social Dynamics, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria, 0001. • Research Institute for Reclamation Ecology, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520. (The Institute is involved with the rehabilitation of areas disturbed by construction or mining activities). • South African Institution of Civil Engineers, PO Box 93495, Yeoville, 2143. • South African National Committee on Large Dams (SANCOLD), P 0 Box 3404, Pretoria,OOOl. (Publications of the International Commission on Large Dams can be obtained from SANCOLD).
114 10.17 Some legal aspects of water in South Africa* The Water Act No. 54 of 1956 was originally aimed at controlling the use of water for agricultural requirements. According to Perkins (1993), the Act despite numerous amendments, remains largely agricultural with no legal provision for instance, of water for environmental needs (a serious omission)* * . The Water Act however, is in the process of being extensively revised, with a much reduced emphasis on agricultural requirements. Industrial and domestic as well as environmental demands will receive preference. Besides the Water Act, over 30 other secondary and afew primary Acts also apply to water issues in South Africa (see the chapter on the laws of South Africa, elsewhere in this publication). Rationalization of the minor Acts in particular, is necessary. Water in South Africa (in terms of the Water Act) can be divided into two main categories, namely, public and private water. 10.17.1 Public and private water Public water is water found in a public stream, which is defined as a natural stream flowing in a known and defined channel. The water can be commonly used for irrigation on two or more parcels of land which are riparian to the stream, where the parcels of land are the subject of separate original grants, or on one such piece of land, and also on State land which is riparian to the stream. If there is douiJt as to whether the water is private . or public, it is advisable to regard the water as public until proven otherwise by a Water * ** Discussion based on Perkins, J.C., 1993. The water user and the Water Act (Act 54 of 1956), South African Institution of Civil Engineers Lecture Course, 8 September 1993, University of the Wrtwatersrand, Johannesburg, 12 p. (Note: The above discussion is greatly simplified). See also, Anonymous, 1986. Management of the Water Resources of the Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, various pages, as well as O'Keeffe, J.H., Uys, M. and 8ruton, M.N., 1992. Chapter 13. Freshwater systems, In: Fugg/e, R.F. and Rabie, M.A. (eds), Environmental Management in South Africa, Juta, Cape Town, p. 277 - 315. (See in addition, Chapter 25. Rivers, p. 647 - 668). A useful overview reference is the following: Visser, F., 1989. Water: laws and management, Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences, VOl 15(2) (stated as VOl 16(2) in the paper), p. 159·181. A plain-text summary of the Water Act can be found in Anonymous, 1995. You and your water rights: South African law review - a call for public response, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, 30 p. A useful legal perspective is the following: Uys, M., 1992. Statutory protection for the water requirements of natural ecosystems, Koedoe. VOl 3511}, p. 101 - 118. See also, Uys. M., 1996. A structural analysis of the water allocation mechanism of the Water Act 54 of 1956 in the light of the requirements of competing water user sectors, with special reference to the allocation of water rights for ecobiotic requirements and the historical development of the South African water law, VOl 1, WRC Report No. 40611/96, and VOl 2, WRC Report No. 40612196, 793 p.. Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
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Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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Page 68 and 69: 65 Table J24: Department of Water A
Page 82 and 83: 79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
Page 84 and 85: 81 Station closed Station closed U2
Page 86 and 87: 83 Station Drainage region Station
Page 88 and 89: 85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
Page 90 and 91: 87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
Page 92: 89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
Page 95: 111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
Page 98 and 99: Table J28: Some relevant data on se
Page 101 and 102: IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
Page 103 and 104: 100 the respective departments at P
Page 105 and 106: 1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
Page 107 and 108: 104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
Page 109 and 110: Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
Page 111 and 112: 1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
Page 113 and 114: 110 There is a growing South Africa
Page 115: 112 Attention has also been focused
Page 119 and 120: 116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
Page 121 and 122: IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
Page 133: Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
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Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Page 159 and 160: 156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
Page 161 and 162: 158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
Page 163 and 164: Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
Page 165 and 166: 162 off low - responsible inter ali
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11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
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tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
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Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
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Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
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174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
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176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
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179 a particular site, then a stati
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181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
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183 good. with a total dissolved so
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(iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
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187 Table K1: Some geological forma
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189 fault-bounded blocks, although
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191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
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193 coarse and the latter, fine and
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195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
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11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
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201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
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203 boreholes are drilled for both
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205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
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207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
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(a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
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Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
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214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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