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111 Table J34: Components of the environmental impact assessment matrix for the proposed Muzi Pan irrigation scheme (continued). 3. Post-construetion phase Channel switching Rood storage Flow regulation Installation of pumps Diversion channels Irrigation 1. Physical factors Rood flows Uncontrolled water levels Defined river course Good quality water Proposed actions which may cause environmental impacts 2. Ecological factors • Floodplain communities Herbaceous Woody • Pan communities Muzi Neshe Ovengweni Tshanetshe " Swamp community (Mkuzel Lake St Lucia Existing characteristics of the environment 3. Sociological factors Subsistence farming Communal grazing - Fishing (subsistence) Pedestrian traffic • Commercial farming Dryland cultivation Irrigated cultivation Source: After Anonymous, 1988. The potential environmental impact of the proposed Muzi irrigation scheme: a scoping study conducted on behalf of Campbell, Bernstein and Irving, Environmental Advisory Services, Durban, 41 p. See also: Heeg, J. and Breen, C.M., 1982. Man and the Pongolo Floodplain, South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 56, Cooperative Scientific Programmes, CSIR, Pretoria, 117 p. (See specifically, p. 78 - 80 and text). Note: Impacts were defined as potentially unavoidable negative impacts, potentially avoidable negative impacts, and potentially positive impacts.
112 Attention has also been focused on the social aspects of dam construction - known as Social Impact Assessment (SIA) - where residents have to be moved. The Human Sciences Research Council has inter alia examined the social implications of dams proposed for the Pongola and Bivane rivers at the Jagtdrift* and Parys sites respectively. The Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences at the University of Natal, Durban, has studied some implications of the Inanda Dam, while the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science at the University of Cape Town, has examined the impacts of several projects in the Cape and at St Lucia. An especially useful social impact checklist for the Mhlatuze Basin can be found in Anonymous (1991)* * . The ecological and social effects of water releases and flooding from the Pongolapoort (Jozini) Dam have received considerable attention in the literature, while the ecological and social impact of proposed dune mining at St Lucia, is a current (and hotly debated) controversy (see the bibliographic database). The interested reader is advised to examine the literature and to integrate the various checklists and matrices for his/her own specific purposes. Relevant information was often too detailed and complex to reproduce here* * * . For further information contact: • * *. *•• CSIR Environmental Services, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001 . See Du Plessis, 1.0. (ed), 1989. SosiaJe impakstudie: Jagtdriftdam, Centre for Environmental Psychology, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 115 p. + app. See also, Social Development Research Unit of the Human Sciences Research Council, Chunnett Fourie and Partners, loxton Venn and Associates, and Van der Meer and Schoonbee Inc., 1993. Republic of South AfricaIKaNgwane Permanent Water Commission: social impact assessment of the proposed Driekoppies Dam, Report No. PX 100/00/0193, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, 153 p., plus Social Development Research Unit of the Human Sciences Research Council, 1993. Republic of South AfricalKaNgwane Permanent Water Commission: relocation action plan for the Driekoppies Dam, Report No. PX 100/00/0293, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, 64 p. (SlAs generally consist of two phases. The first phase involves a pra-feasibility or feasibility study. The second phase concerns actual project implementation. Numerous issues such as the social impacts of construction operations and more importantly, the short and long term effects of the loss of the natural resource base as well as the familiar habitat are highly relevant). SeeAnonymous, 1991. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Mhlatuze Basin augmentation prafeasibility study, VOl 6: Report on the Second IEM Mini-workshop, Report No. PW 120/00/0891, Watermeyer Legge Piesold and Uhlmann, Johannesburg, various pages. A useful reference on Integrated Environmental Management (IEM), which includes river regulation, is the following: Preston, G.R., Robins, N. and Fuggle, R.F., 1992. Chapter 30. Integrated environmental management, In: Fuggle, R.F. and Rabie, M.A. leds), Environmental Management in South Africa. Jute, Cape Town, p. 748 - 761. (See also Chapter 31. Environmental evaluation, p. 762 - 780).
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
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57 large catchments data. The Centr
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59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
Page 64 and 65: Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
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Page 86 and 87: 83 Station Drainage region Station
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Page 90 and 91: 87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
Page 92: 89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
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Page 103 and 104: 100 the respective departments at P
Page 105 and 106: 1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
Page 107 and 108: 104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
Page 109 and 110: Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
Page 111 and 112: 1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
Page 113: 110 There is a growing South Africa
Page 117 and 118: 114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
Page 119 and 120: 116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
Page 121 and 122: IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
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Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
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Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
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Page 161 and 162: 158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
Page 163 and 164: Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
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162 off low - responsible inter ali
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11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
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tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
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Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
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Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
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174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
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176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
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179 a particular site, then a stati
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181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
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183 good. with a total dissolved so
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(iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
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187 Table K1: Some geological forma
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189 fault-bounded blocks, although
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191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
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193 coarse and the latter, fine and
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195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
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11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
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201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
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203 boreholes are drilled for both
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205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
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207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
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(a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
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Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
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214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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