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107 Note: (i) Impacts: + beneficial; • adverse. Other scoring factors: importance, probability of occurrence, term and duration. \ii) The environmental impacts of dams will vary depending inter alia on the specific purpose for which the dam was constructed. The Qedusizi Dam (presently under construction) for example, is to be used for flood control. The dam, on the Klip River, will be kept as empty as possible in order to alleviate floods and accordingly, to prevent damage to the town of ladysmith. TableJ33: Actions and environmental effects of water projects (according to the environmental criteria of the International Commission on large Dams). Characteristics of actions Environmental effects 1. Water consumption: 1. Impact on man: Irrigation • Economic impacts Ecology Industry and commerce Energy and power Provision of employment Domestic use Tourism River control Agriculture and stock farming Industrial use Communications Shipping Local financing Fire fighting Fishing Land values Recreation • Social impacts Social acceptance Recreation Local landmarks and character Appearance Domestic water supply Land purchases Depopulation of rural areas Protection against natural disasters Health 2. Physical factors: 2. Geophysical impacts: Presence of dam Morphology Dam structure Erosion River diversion Sediment in suspension Construction site Channel load Coffer dam New water-retaining lands Buildings Floods Deforestation Gradient stability Stone quarries and borrow areas Stimulation of earthquakes Shipping locks Soil salinity Channels and pipelines Sedimentation and aggradation Water discharges Reclamation and drainage Inflow and permanent diversions Conveyance routes TIdal changes
1111111111111 108 Table J33: Actions and environmental effects of water projects (according to the environmental criteria of the International Commission on Large Dams) (continued). Characteristics of actions Environmental effects 3. Areas affected: 3. Influence on water: Storage reservoir Biological Vicinity of reservoir Physical and chemical Area between full supply and lowest Salinity drawdown levels Turbidity and suspended solids River above reservoir Temperature River below reservoir Evaporation Irrigation canals River flow Groundwater Water losses Coastline Water level 4. Physical remedial action: 4. Climate: Fish management Dependable river flow Tourism development Water level control Infrastructure Afforestation Erosion control Dredging Releases from storage Support dam Compensation storage Floating barrier Water catchment control Water treatment Improved industries Resettlement New mesoclimate 5. Legal and administrative action: 5. Influence on land and water flora: Rates and levies • Land flora Revaluation of land Forests Town and regional planning Moorland and fallow land Grasslands Cultivated lands • Water flora Superior plants Active micro-flora Plant plankton Scarce/endangered plants
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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49 lil11l1tllll;lllll Table J20: Es
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51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
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53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
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55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
Page 60 and 61: 57 large catchments data. The Centr
Page 62 and 63: 59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
Page 64 and 65: Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
Page 66 and 67: 63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
Page 68 and 69: 65 Table J24: Department of Water A
Page 82 and 83: 79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
Page 84 and 85: 81 Station closed Station closed U2
Page 86 and 87: 83 Station Drainage region Station
Page 88 and 89: 85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
Page 90 and 91: 87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
Page 92: 89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
Page 95: 111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
Page 98 and 99: Table J28: Some relevant data on se
Page 101 and 102: IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
Page 103 and 104: 100 the respective departments at P
Page 105 and 106: 1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
Page 107 and 108: 104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
Page 109: Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
Page 113 and 114: 110 There is a growing South Africa
Page 115 and 116: 112 Attention has also been focused
Page 117 and 118: 114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
Page 119 and 120: 116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
Page 121 and 122: IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
Page 133: Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
Page 136 and 137: 133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Page 159 and 160: 156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
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158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
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Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
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162 off low - responsible inter ali
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11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
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tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
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Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
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Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
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174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
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176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
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179 a particular site, then a stati
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181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
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183 good. with a total dissolved so
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(iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
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187 Table K1: Some geological forma
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189 fault-bounded blocks, although
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191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
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193 coarse and the latter, fine and
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195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
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11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
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201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
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203 boreholes are drilled for both
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205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
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207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
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(a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
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Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
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214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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