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105 1111111111,11\1 in Table J32, where the main groups of environmental effects resulting from project activities are listed (as per the International Commission on Large Dams - ICOLD). Also listed are the specific parameters which could be influenced, and certain corrective measures required to reduce any adverse effects. It should be noted that not all elements of the matrix are scored and that only the major positive or negative impacts are reflected in the matrix. Primary environmental impacts can also result in secondary interactions with other environmental factors, with highly complex situations arising. Table J33 outlines some environmental effects of water projects according to ICOLD. The matrix approach of the International Commission on Large Dams has been found to be too subjective, although the matrix provides a good checklist (Anonymous, 1986). A more descriptive approach readily understood by a variety of disciplines is generally preferred by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Overlay techniques which. superimpose mapped environmental factors are also used. Major environmental constraints on future water resources development in South Africa include the time consuming process of undertaking ElAs; the incorporation of relevant findings in the project; limitations on the development potential of sites suitable for major impoundments as a result of environmental considerations, and the quantity and quality of water necessary for environmental management·. • It is interesting to note that the construction of dams in South Africa is no longer automatically viewed (by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), as "the solution" to a particular water supply problem. Attention is now being given, for example, to the clearing of dense thickets of exotic (alien) vegetation which have invaded important catchments and riparian zones. The reduction in area of exotic species (which generally consume more water than indigenous plants), results in a nett increase in runoff, and hence a greater availability of water for downstream requirements. It should be bome in mind however, that adaltional commercial afforestation (where permitted), may negate the positive effects of alien vegetation removal. The felling of alien species is an integral component of the RDP Water Conservation Programme, which in tum is part of the Reconstruction and Development Programme.
Table J32: 106 A simplified form of the environmental matrix used by the International Commission on Large Dams, with respect to project activities. A a Employment, B = Tourism, C = Trade, 0 = Industry; Soclel end Geophysical Impects on Climate Terrestrial Terrestrial E a Erosion, F = Sedlmentetlon, G = Flooding, H = Oreinage; economic Impects weter end and equatic I = Biology, J a Salinity, K = Evaporation, L = Runoff: impacts aquatic fauna M = New mesoclimate; N a Afforestation, 0 = Phytoplankton, flora P = Rare species; Q = Economic fish species, R = Rare species, S a Zooplankton, T = Microorganisms A B C 0 E F G H I J K L M N 0 P Q R S T Weter uses Irrigation + + • • • Energy + • • Drinking weter + • • • + PhysIcal factor. Presence of dem + + • + + • • • + + Diversion of water + + • • . Construction site + • • • Are•• effected Submerged ereas • • + • • • Reservoir fluctuation zone + • • Groundwater • • Corrective ectlon Fish restocking + + + + Erosion control + + Weter level control + + + + + Soyrce: After Anonymous, 1986. Management of the Water Resources of the Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, various pages.
- Page 58 and 59: 55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
- Page 60 and 61: 57 large catchments data. The Centr
- Page 62 and 63: 59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
- Page 64 and 65: Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
- Page 66 and 67: 63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
- Page 68 and 69: 65 Table J24: Department of Water A
- Page 70 and 71: 67 Table J24: Department of Water A
- Page 72 and 73: 69 Table J24: Department of Water A
- Page 74 and 75: 71 Table J24: Department of Water A
- Page 76 and 77: 73 Table J24: Department of Water A
- Page 78 and 79: 75 Table J24: Department of Water A
- Page 80 and 81: 77 Table J24: Department of Water A
- Page 82 and 83: 79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
- Page 84 and 85: 81 Station closed Station closed U2
- Page 86 and 87: 83 Station Drainage region Station
- Page 88 and 89: 85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
- Page 90 and 91: 87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
- Page 92: 89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
- Page 95: 111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
- Page 98 and 99: Table J28: Some relevant data on se
- Page 101 and 102: IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
- Page 103 and 104: 100 the respective departments at P
- Page 105 and 106: 1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
- Page 107: 104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
- Page 111 and 112: 1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
- Page 113 and 114: 110 There is a growing South Africa
- Page 115 and 116: 112 Attention has also been focused
- Page 117 and 118: 114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
- Page 119 and 120: 116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
- Page 121 and 122: IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
- Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
- Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
- Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
- Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
- Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
- Page 133: Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
- Page 136 and 137: 133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
- Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
- Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
- Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
- Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
- Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
- Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
- Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
- Page 152 and 153: 149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
- Page 154 and 155: 151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
- Page 156 and 157: 153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
Table J32:<br />
106<br />
A simplified form <strong>of</strong> the environmental matrix used by the International Commission on Large Dams, with respect to project<br />
activities.<br />
A a Employment, B = Tourism, C = Trade, 0 = Industry; Soclel end Geophysical Impects on Climate Terrestrial Terrestrial<br />
E a Erosion, F = Sedlmentetlon, G = Flooding, H = Oreinage; economic Impects weter end and equatic<br />
I = Biology, J a Salinity, K = Evaporation, L = Run<strong>of</strong>f: impacts aquatic fauna<br />
M = New mesoclimate; N a Afforestation, 0 = Phytoplankton, flora<br />
P = Rare species; Q = Economic fish species, R = Rare species,<br />
S a Zooplankton, T = Microorganisms<br />
A B C 0 E F G H I J K L M N 0 P Q R S T<br />
Weter uses Irrigation + + • • •<br />
Energy + • •<br />
Drinking weter + • • • +<br />
PhysIcal factor. Presence <strong>of</strong> dem + + • + + • • • + +<br />
Diversion <strong>of</strong> water + + • • .<br />
Construction site + • • •<br />
Are•• effected Submerged ereas • • + • • •<br />
Reservoir fluctuation zone + • •<br />
Groundwater • •<br />
Corrective ectlon Fish restocking + + + +<br />
Erosion control + +<br />
Weter level control + + + + +<br />
Soyrce: After Anonymous, 1986. Management <strong>of</strong> the Water Resources <strong>of</strong> the Republic <strong>of</strong> South Africa, Department <strong>of</strong> Water<br />
Affairs, Pretoria, various pages.
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