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99 of dams in NatallKwaZulu can also be found in Noble, R.G. and Hemens, J., 1978. Inland water ecosystems in South Africa - a review of research needs, South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 34, Cooperative Scientific Programmes, CSIR,. Pretoria, 150 p. The (zero) sediment accumulation as a percentage of full capacity data in the above table, do not necessarily reflect the current situation in certain dams. Some updated sediment data are provided in Rooseboom, A., 1992. Sediment transport in rivers and reservoirs: a southern African perspective, WRC Report No. 297/1/92, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, various pages - see the chapter on water quality, elsewhere in this publication. (v) The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, undertook a series of hydrographic surveys on several important dams in Natal/KwaZulu. Data are presented on the storage capacity of each dam, as well as sediment statistics. An example is given below: Anonymous, 1987. Henley Dam capacity determination, Hydrographic Survey, Directorate: Survey Services, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, 20 p. + app. (vi) Diagrams and maps showing existing and planned dams (as envisaged in 1978) in Natal/KwaZulu are presented in Thorrington Smith, Rosenberg and McCrystal, 1978. Towards a plan for KwaZulu: a preliminary developmentplan, VOl 1, The written report, 341 p., arid VOl 2, Atlas of maps and illustrations, various pages, _KwaZulu Government, Ulundi. Similar information can be found in Ninham Shand and Partners, 1971. Water resources of the Natal South Coast, Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission Report, VOl 18A, 31 p. + app., and VOl 18B, Appendices, various pages, Pietermaritzburg; as well as in Chew, J.A. and Bowen, 1965. The water resources of the 1II0vo River: a preliminary survey of the 1II0vo River and its water storage possibilities, Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission Report, VOl 12, Pietermaritzburg, 37 p. + app. See also Chew, J.A. and Bowen, 1971. The water resources of the coastal areas of northern Natal and Zululand, Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission Report, VOl 17, Pietermaritzburg, 18 p. + app., plus James, W., 1973. Storage of water on the Zululand coastal plains: a brief study of the feasibility of conserving runoff from the lower-lying parts of most Natal catchments, and of distributing the water from a storage area in Zululand to coastal demand centres, Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission Report, VOl 22, Pietermaritzburg, 57 p. (viii Some data such as capacity and the irrigation potential of irrigation dams on farms in Natal, for which a subsidy was applied for, are available from the Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X9059, Pietermaritzburg, 3200. Data on dams and reservoirs in KwaZulu built by or on behalf of the KwaZulu Department of Agriculture and Forestry, or the KwaZulu Department of Works, are available from
100 the respective departments at Private Bag X05, Ulundi, 3838, and Private Bag X03, Ulundi, 3838. (viii) Readers should note that the names of one canal and 11 dams in South Africa have been changed. The relevant information is as follows: Old name of dam/canal New name of dam/canal Braam Raubenheimer Dam (eastern Transvaal) Kwena Dam Charlie Malan Dam (eastern Cape) Impofu Dam Fanie Batha Dam (northern Transvaal) Tzaneen Dam Hans Strijdom Dam (northern Transvaal) Mokolo Dam H.F. Verwoerd Dam (Orange Free State) Gariep Dam Hudson Ntsanwisi Dam (eastern Transvaal) Nsami Dam Jan Wassenaar Dam (northern Transvaal) Klaserie Dam Lake Mentz (eastern Transvaal) Darlington Dam Nokmokgomo Matlala Dam (eastern Transvaal) Arabie Dam Paul Sauer Dam (eastern Transvaal) Kouga Dam P.K. Le Roux Dam (Orange Free State) Vanderkloof Dam Sarel Hayward canal (Orange Free State) Orange-Riet canal All dams with a wall height in excess of 5 m and a capacity of more than 50 000 m 3 , are automatically considered to be dams with a safety risk. These dams must be classified on the basis of size and hazard potential, in order to determine the level of safety control required in terms of Government Regulation Notice GN R1560/86. The size classification of larger dams with a safety risk (dependent on wall height) is shown in Table J29.
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A WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION SY
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Contents 1 11111111111:1&11 CHAPTER
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lillllllllllll.'. Tables (continued
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11111111];11,,11. 10.1 Introduction
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Table J2: Water budgets for Natal/K
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Table J4: Overall gradient distribu
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13 111.IJJ1111111 (when runoff: rai
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Table J7: 15 Hi) A small part of Kw
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17 1\11••111;[11. Table J7: App
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19 TableJ8: Hydrological Research U
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21 11111••111111111 TableJ9: Cr
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23 Table J10: Areas. mean annual pr
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25 1111III1I11,rllll Table J10: Are
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IlfllllllllllJJilll 40 Table J12: K
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10.6 Runoff models 42 Models are no
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111I111'llll1JII 10.9 The variabili
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Page 54 and 55: 51 Table J20: Estimated annual wate
Page 56 and 57: 53 Table J22: Estimated annual wate
Page 58 and 59: 55 Ijlllltl1llflll (ii) Considerabl
Page 60 and 61: 57 large catchments data. The Centr
Page 62 and 63: 59 1111111111111' KwaDlangezwa, 283
Page 64 and 65: Other reports 61 Research Unit, Dep
Page 66 and 67: 63 1IIIIIE1111Elfl Id} The rest of
Page 68 and 69: 65 Table J24: Department of Water A
Page 82 and 83: 79 Table J24: Depanment of Water Af
Page 84 and 85: 81 Station closed Station closed U2
Page 86 and 87: 83 Station Drainage region Station
Page 88 and 89: 85 Table J25: Number of stations wi
Page 90 and 91: 87 iI11J111!!ltllllil equal share i
Page 92: 89 Source: liI After Anonymous, 198
Page 95: 111111111111111 92 boards (discusse
Page 98 and 99: Table J28: Some relevant data on se
Page 101: IDIIIIIDII':1111 98 (ii) The co-ord
Page 105 and 106: 1IIIIIIJIII.i1 102 Table J31: Categ
Page 107 and 108: 104 10.16.2 Environmental impacts o
Page 109 and 110: Table J32: 106 A simplified form of
Page 111 and 112: 1111111111111 108 Table J33: Action
Page 113 and 114: 110 There is a growing South Africa
Page 115 and 116: 112 Attention has also been focused
Page 117 and 118: 114 10.17 Some legal aspects of wat
Page 119 and 120: 116 time (mean exceedance flow), du
Page 121 and 122: IIII.IIWIIIII 118 10.17.4 Use of wa
Page 123 and 124: 1[lIlIIIIIIJ. 120 Government dams,
Page 125 and 126: 10.18.4 River diversions 122 Depart
Page 127 and 128: 124 10.18.6 Irrigation districts an
Page 129 and 130: 111(11111:41m'l 126 Table J36: Irri
Page 131 and 132: Table J37: Irrigation boards in Nat
Page 133: Tabla J37: Irrigation boards In Nat
Page 136 and 137: 133 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 138 and 139: 135 Table J38: Some urban areas in
Page 140 and 141: Table J38: 137 Some urban areas in
Page 142 and 143: 139 Source: (i) After Ardington, E.
Page 144 and 145: 141 i111_1illll1l noted above!. are
Page 146 and 147: 143 (ii) The Directorate of Land an
Page 148 and 149: 145 1111111111111 the Board will as
Page 150 and 151: 147 Table J40: Administrative regio
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149 111II1.llllIf:J Government Noti
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151 111I.lIllllil1 Government agenc
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153 Table J43: Joint Services Board
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156 Source: (i) After Jenkin, F. (e
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158 Chief Directorate: Administrati
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Source: See also: Note: 160 Afterth
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162 off low - responsible inter ali
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11111.'.111:11111 164 If it became
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tlll••••I:IB11 NOTES: 166
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Contents 167 CHAPTER 11: GROUNDWATE
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Tables 169 Table K1: Some geologica
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174 Bate, 1992}*. The use of water
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176 X313, Pretoria, 0001; as well a
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179 a particular site, then a stati
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181 111...1[111 of streams and rive
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183 good. with a total dissolved so
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(iii) Holocene sands lQuaternary) 1
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187 Table K1: Some geological forma
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189 fault-bounded blocks, although
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191 11.6.4 Aquifer characteristics
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193 coarse and the latter, fine and
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195 111.BIII!I!111 The yields of bo
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11...,].11 198 11.7 Methods of grou
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201 11...11111 Table K3: Methods of
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203 boreholes are drilled for both
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205 1111111111'.1 3838. The borehol
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207 11.11 Standards applicable to t
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(a) Gravity springs 209 Gravity spr
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Table K4: Spring discharge in the V
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214 Table K5: The number of ephemer
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JJI...lllJll 218 (h) Some of the wa
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i'•••liDl Group E: Pure water
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222 Bond, Van Wyk proposed the foll
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1[11....11.,1 224 (b) Chlorides are
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226 Source: Edwards, T.J., 1989. Pe
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228 also obtainable from the Ground
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Ill1••lll1l 230 • Hofkes, EH.
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232 • Vegter, J.R., 1995. Groundw
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234 • Meyer, R. and Godfrey, l.,
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Springs 236 • Africa Co-operative
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NOTES: 238
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239 CHAPTER 12: WATER SUPPLY PLANNI
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12.1 Introduction 241 111'1&111111
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243 rilliltl.'ll water consumption
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Table L2: Cattle 245 study of reduc
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Note: (j) (ii) (iii) 247 Animal wat
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249 111111:llllltJI Source: After A
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1111111118.1 252 Table L4: Some per
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lillll.'.II' 254 high income. Iow d
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* 256 to obtain. Difficulties inclu
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1111...11 (iii) 258 Home Glasson Pa
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260 Table L6: Some typical domestic
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* ** 262 are in agreement with cons
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Table L7: Some South African indust
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Table L7: 267 Some South African In
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Table L7: 269 Some South African in
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Table L7: 271 Some South African In
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Note: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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276 concentrate on the provision of
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278 Table L8: RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 281 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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Table L9: 283 RSA-KwaZulu Developme
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286 the Green book, namely, Anonymo
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IIIRlmlllillS 12.4.2 Durban Metro W
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291 design phase of projects. Any a
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294 Table L12: Some extant water wh
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11111111111911 296 • Energy Resea
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299 11111111111111 Table l13: Speci
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301 Table L13: Specific training ag
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304 Road and Umlazi (Durban); Pinet
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307 Table L14: A spatial typology o
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310 Table L15: A typology of social
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1111111..11 312 Table L15: A typolo
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315 114,[llll1\'1 Table L16: Some s
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317 Table L18: Mean household size
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319 Illil;JJtllllll Table L19: Exis
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321 Table L19: Existing housing del
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323 1IIIi!:lil.'11 a month, and a s
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NOTES: 325
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