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Literature review R. camerooniana has been known to occur in the Drakensberg region (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The data in Figures 2.5 to 2.7 describes the climate of Royal National Park, a park situated within the Drakensberg range. This has been known to flower from May to February, although it mostly flowers from December to April (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001; BURROWS & WILLIS, 2005), therefore it would be expected to set seed during May and July. In Figures 2.6 and 2.7 there is a large drop in average total monthly rainfall and a corresponding drop in average daily humidity for the month of April. These conditions, which are not suitable for germination, continue until September. During September, the average daily minimum and maximum temperatures (averaged for 2004 to 2009) at the weather station at Royal National Park has been reported to be 7.4±0.8°C and 24.5±0.8°C respectively. The climate of Calvinia, where R. diversiformis is found, is described in Figures 2.8 to 2.10. R. diversiformis also occurs around the area of Sutherland, Fraserburg and Beaufort west (Figures 2.11 to 2.19). During the time in which this species is expected to set seed (October to November) there is an increase in average daily temperature and average total monthly rainfall and a decrease in average daily humidity. According to this data, seeds should germinate well with a regime of night temperatures between 0 and 15°C and day temperatures between 20 and 30°C. R. flava is widespread across a large part of the southern-African winter-rainfall zone, including areas near Nieuwoudtville (Figures 2.20 to 2.22). R. monadelpha and R. sabulosa and many other species in this genus also occur in this area (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Here rainfall increases sharply in the month of October and average total monthly rain remains the same for November. The time in which these species are expected to set seed, October and November, appears to be a suitable time for seed germination in Nieuwoudtville, the rainfall also increases in December, providing moist conditions which are suitable for seedling establishment. Minimum and maximum temperatures are 8.2±0.3 and 25.6±0.4°C for October and 10.1±0.3 and 27.5±0.4°C for November in Nieuwoudtville. 25
Literature review R. leipoldtii occurs in areas near Malmesbury (Figures 2.23 to 2.25) (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Here there is an increase in temperature from October to November with a corresponding increase in rainfall and decrease in humidity. In November the average daily temperature increases, but average total monthly rainfall and average daily relative humidity decreases. It is therefore more likely that these plants would set seed in October, when conditions are moist. This means that a minimum and maximum temperature of 9.3± 0.4 and 24.2±0.4°C should be suitable for germination. R. minutiflora is also widespread across a large part of the southern-African winter- rainfall zone, occurring as far east as Grahamstown (Figures 2.26 to 2.28) (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). During October the average daily minimum and maximum temperatures are 10.4±0.3 and 23.0±0.7°C, while the average daily minimum and maximum temperatures are 11.7±0.3 and 23.2±0.4°C during November. R. rosea is found throughout the Cape region and therefore any of these environments should be suitable for its germination. This is apparent when considering its distribution as illustrated in Figure 2.1. This species also has a long flowering time, lasting 4 months (July to October) (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Estimation of conditions favourable for germination, such as those made for other species, is therefore unsuitable for this species. 26
Page 1 and 2: Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8: Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32: 2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37 and 38: Literature review The plants are sh
Page 39 and 40: Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41 and 42: Literature review often found on cl
Page 43 and 44: Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 45 and 46: Literature review flattened upper s
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 49: Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96: Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98: 2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100: Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102:
Literature review Young embryos req
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Literature review and the addition
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Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
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2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
Page 111 and 112:
Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
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Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118:
3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120:
Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122:
Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
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4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
Page 125 and 126:
4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127 and 128:
Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130:
Germination physiology rosea seeds
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Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
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Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
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Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
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Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140:
Germination physiology seeds of R.
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5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
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In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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