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Literature review brown membranous margins. Flowering is observed from August to September. The plants have 1 to 4 flowers (DE VOS, 1970b). DE VOS (1972) mentions that this is one of the most beautiful romuleas. The plants are 150 to 300 mm high with a subterranean stem. The plant has 3-5 filiform (1 to 2 mm in diameter) basal leaves which have 4 grooves (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The habitat of R. monadelpha is restricted to the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Here it occurs on dolerite clay in an area that starts in the proximity of Nieuwoudtville, extends south to the top of the Gannaga Pass near Middelpos and stretches along the Bokkeveld and Roggeveld Escarpments in the western Karoo (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The flowers of the Gannaga Pass population has salmon pink flowers with large silvery grey and black markings around the cup (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). It is interesting to note that a plant collector brought a few corms of R. monadelpha to England in 1825. Two of the corms germinated, developed and flowered in Colvill’s Nursery soon after planting. Unfortunately the locality of collection was not known and the only knowledge that existed for 139 years was drawings made during this discovery (DE VOS, 1970b). It appears that no herbarium specimens were made in this study. Then in 1964 on a search for R. sabulosa in the area of Calvinia, a species that was so similar to R. sabulosa was found, that it was mistaken for R. sabulosa (DE VOS, 1970b). After being cultivated (no details on growth conditions given) in the Stellenbosch Nursery it was however noted that these had a fused filament column, a distinguishing feature of R. monadelpha (DE VOS, 1970b). In a more recent collection by MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) it was noted that it is more usual for the filaments to be merely adnate. They suggest identifying R. monadelpha by its short black filaments which are oblong, unlike the usually pale green slender, tapering filaments of R. sabulosa. These two species can also be distinguished by their fruiting peduncles (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. monadelpha typically has stout and semiterete peduncles with conspicuously 19
Literature review flattened upper sides which are curved to the fruit. The fruiting peduncles of R. sabulosa, on the other hand, are commonly more slender and rounded in section and remain suberect in fruit. The peduncles of the latter species also remain suberect during fruiting. Apart from these morphological differences R. sabulosa is also restricted to light sandy clay soils near Nieuwoudtville whereas R. monadelpha is found on heavy, dolerite clay in several localities along the Bokkeveld and Roggeveld escarpments (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) places this species in the subgenus Spatalanthus. 2.2.11 Romulea pearsonii The flowers are lemon-yellow with elliptic tepals and the fruiting peduncles are suberect (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Both the outer and the inner bracts are green. The outer bracts are firm and closely veined with narrow brown streaked membranous margins and an apex (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The inner bracts have broad brown streaked membranous margins (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The plant flowers in August to September with 1 to 3 flowers (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Plants of this species have a height of 100 to 250 mm (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The stem is completely subterranean or reaches 30 mm above ground (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The plant has 3 to 4 filiform leaves of which 2 are basal (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. pearsonii is restricted to higher elevations in central Namaqualand (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Here it occurs from Grootvlei and the main Kamiesberg range and grows in sandy and granitic slopes and flats (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) places this species in the subgenus Romulea. 2.2.12 Romulea rosea The flowers are pink to magenta or white with a purplish zone around the yellow cup and are occasionally scented. The tepals are elliptic to oblanceolate and 4 to 6 mm long. The outer bracts have narrow membranous margins whereas the inner bracts have wide brownish membranous margins (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. rosea flowers from July to October and the plants have several flowers (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). These plants reach 150 to 600 mm from the 20
Page 1 and 2: Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8: Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32: 2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37 and 38: Literature review The plants are sh
Page 39 and 40: Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41 and 42: Literature review often found on cl
Page 43: Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 49 and 50: Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 51 and 52: Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96:
Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98:
2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100:
Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102:
Literature review Young embryos req
Page 103 and 104:
Literature review and the addition
Page 105 and 106:
Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
Page 109 and 110:
2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
Page 111 and 112:
Literature review higher regenerati
Page 113 and 114:
Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
Page 115 and 116:
Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118:
3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120:
Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122:
Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
Page 123 and 124:
4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
Page 125 and 126:
4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127 and 128:
Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130:
Germination physiology rosea seeds
Page 131 and 132:
Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133 and 134:
Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
Page 135 and 136:
Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
Page 137 and 138:
Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140:
Germination physiology seeds of R.
Page 141 and 142:
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144:
In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179 and 180:
Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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