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1.12.1 Properties of biofilms A biofilm community can be formed by a single bacterial species, but in nature biofilms almost always consist of rich mixtures of many species of bacteria, as well as fungi, algae, yeasts, protozoa, other microorganisms, debris and corrosion products. Biofilms are held together by sugary molecular strands, collectively termed "extracellular polymeric substances" or "EPS." The cells produce EPS and are held together by these strands, allowing them to develop complex, three-dimensional, resilient, attached communities. Biofilms cost the U.S. literally billions of dollars every year in energy losses, equipment damage, product contamination and medical infections. But biofilms also offer huge potential for bioremediating hazardous waste sites, biofiltering municipal and industrial water and wastewater, and forming biobarriers to protect soil and groundwater from contamination
1.12.2 Biofilm Growth Cycle 1) Planktonic bacteria reversibly attach to a surface suitable for growth and Bacteria begin secretion of the extra cellular polymeric substances (EPS) and attachment becomes irreversible. 2) The maturing biofilm begins to take on a 3-dimensional shape. Biofilm communities can develop within hours. 3) The biofilm fully matures, and complex architecture is observed. Bacteria disperse from the biofilm to reinitiate biofilm colonization of a distal surface. 1.12.3 Biofilm Drug Resistance
Page 1 and 2: Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
Page 3: JANUARY-2011 Statement under O. Ph.
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgment This thesis arose in
Page 9 and 10: since I was a child. My Mother Hans
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER - 2 Microwave Assisted Synt
Page 13 and 14: 5.5 Results and discussion 156 5.6
Page 15 and 16: Ms Mesyl MW Microwave NBS N-bromosu
Page 17 and 18: 1. Microwave Assisted Organic Synth
Page 19 and 20: 1.4 Heating Mechanism In microwave
Page 21 and 22: 1.5. Effects of solvents Every solv
Page 23 and 24: 1.7 Application of microwave in org
Page 25 and 26: aromatic amines, Lancini’s group
Page 27 and 28: 1.9 2-Aminoimidazole Alkaloids The
Page 29 and 30: Recently group of Erik 83 described
Page 31 and 32: 1.10 Methods for the preparation of
Page 33 and 34: R 1 O X R 2 NH 2 H 2N NAc R 1 HN R
Page 35 and 36: this manifold, was reported in 1925
Page 37 and 38: Another route to 4(5)-acyl-2-amino-
Page 39 and 40: this series of compounds against th
Page 41 and 42: documented. Extra care is needed be
Page 43 and 44: Very recently the research group of
Page 45: OH a,b O N H2N N Boc N 3 H N R N N
Page 49 and 50: can survive both the onslaught of a
Page 51 and 52: [26] Leadbeater, N. E. (2004) Chemi
Page 53 and 54: [86] Kreutzberger, A. (1962) J. Org
Page 55 and 56: Microwave Assisted Synthesis & Stru
Page 57 and 58: 2.1 Introduction As described in ch
Page 59 and 60: 2.3 Proposed Mechanism: Regarding t
Page 61 and 62: No. 12 60 120 traces 84 a All react
Page 63 and 64: the development of biofilm related
Page 65 and 66: In first instance, a series of 2-hy
Page 67 and 68: Br N N N R 1 OH Br N N N R 1 OH Fig
Page 69 and 70: do have a very strong effect agains
Page 71 and 72: 2.6 Conclusion In the present study
Page 73 and 74: 2.8 Biological assays 2.8.1 Static
Page 75 and 76: 2.9 Experimental protocol: 2.9.1 Ge
Page 77 and 78: temperature of 80 °C and a maximum
Page 79 and 80: 29.5,29.4, 29.2, 27.0, 22.6, 14.1.
Page 81 and 82: Yield: 78 %. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
Page 83 and 84: N Br N N C 14H 29 OH Yield: 72 %. 1
Page 85 and 86: (75.5 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 167.7, 154.
Page 87 and 88: N Br N N C 14H 29 OH Cl Yield: 90 %
Page 89 and 90: 2-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-
Page 91 and 92: N Br N N C 8H 17 OH NO 2 Yield: 49
Page 93 and 94: C3H7 HN N N H Cl Cl Yield : 70 %. 1
Page 95 and 96: (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 1.80 (m, 2H)
Page 97 and 98:
5-(4’-Nitrobiphenyl-4-yl)-N-octyl
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2.11 Representative NMR spectra 2.1
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2.11.3 10.4329 0.7429 151.5720 10.0
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[21] Matz C, McDougald D, Moreno A.
Page 105 and 106:
Chapter-3 Structure Activity Relati
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imidazoles, where the addition of a
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3.4 Result and Discussion It was fo
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No. H 2N Compound Code N N C8H17 R1
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medium used in the set-up to monito
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H 2N N N N H2N N R R Figure-1 Effec
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3.5.3 Cyclo-alkyl 2-aminoimidazoles
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3.6. Conclusion In the present stud
Page 121 and 122:
3.8. Experimental protocols 3.8.1 G
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122.6, 54.6, 33.3(×2), 27.3 (×2),
Page 125 and 126:
Yield: 52 %. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
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5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-cyclooctyl-1H-
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Yield: 50 %. Mp: 76-78 ° C. 1 H NM
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5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-1H-
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Yield: 66%. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3
Page 135 and 136:
3.10 Representative NMR spectra 3.1
Page 137 and 138:
3.11 References [1] (a) Alvi K. A,
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Copper Catalyzed Microwave Assisted
Page 141 and 142:
4.1 Introduction There are only a f
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(Table-1, No- 6). Next reaction tem
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No. Product, Yield b (%) No. Produc
Page 147 and 148:
4.4 Possible Mechanism Regarding th
Page 149 and 150:
4.7 Experimental protocols 4.7.1 Ge
Page 151 and 152:
Yield: 69 %. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
Page 153 and 154:
1-(3-Azidopropyl)-2-(3,4-dichloroph
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Yield: 84 %. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
1H), 1.66 (m, 6H), 1.70 (m, 2H). 13
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5.48 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (m, 2H), 3.16 (d
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4.10 References [1] For a general r
Page 167 and 168:
Crystal and Molecular Structure Ana
Page 169 and 170:
5.1 Introduction The membrane efflu
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oscillation range of 5˚ and proces
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C12-C13 1.372(4) C32-C37 1.390(3) C
Page 175 and 176:
Fig.-3: Packing of the molecules wh
Page 177 and 178:
1 H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3): δ = 7.57-
Page 179 and 180:
5.9.2 13 C spectra of bs-DP-7
Page 181 and 182:
SUMMARY The work represented in the
Page 183 and 184:
CONFERENCES/SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS ATTE
Page 185:
PUBLICATIONS [1] One-Pot Microwave-
Page 200 and 201:
Scheme 2 Competitive formation of 1
Page 202 and 203:
Table 2 continued 9 10 11 12 N hydr
Page 204:
8. Colson G, Raboult L, Lavelle F,
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