Grammatica - loco

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1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 Deze stoel heb ik gisteren gekocht. Het was een heel dure. I bought this chair yesterday. It was a very expensive one. but Deze stoel heb ik gisteren gekocht. Hij was erg duur. I bought this chair yesterday. It was very expensive. De stem van mijn zusje is erg zacht, maar het is wel een mooie. My sister’s voice is very soft, but it is a very nice one. but De stem van mijn zusje is erg zacht, maar hij is wel erg mooi. My sister’s voice is very soft, but it is very nice. Het zijn Duitsers die naast ons wonen. They are Germans living next-door to us. but Ze zijn Duits, de mensen die naast ons wonen. They are German, the people living next-door to us. Ik heb twee glazen gebroken. Het waren antieke glazen. I broke two glasses. They were antique glasses. but Ik heb twee glazen gebroken. Ze waren antiek. I broke two glasses. They were antique. Note that when the subject is a person, hij/zij (i.e. both singular and plural zij) are also possible: Ik weet dat hij/het een vriendelijke man is. I know he is a nice man Ik weet dat ze/het vriendelijke mensen zijn. I know they are nice people. (d) In addition to the cases mentioned under (c) where an ‘it’ which one would expect to be hij is het, there are also other instances where het is used instead of hij, but for which no watertight rules can be given (see also 8.1.2.4 (c) below). The pronoun in such cases should be regarded as referring to an action or state rather than to the previously mentioned common gender noun: Personal pronouns 75
8 Pronouns 76 Je moet de oostkust bezoeken. Het is er prachtig. (but Die is prachtig.) You should visit the east coast. It is beautiful there. (It is beautiful.) Hij liet de auto langs de weg staan, want hij wist dat het daar veilig zou zijn. (see 8.1.2.5 (c) below) He left the car on the side of the road because he knew it would be safe there. De boerderij van mijn oom is vlakbij Zwolle. Het is ongeveer een kwartier met de auto. My uncle’s farm is close to Zwolle. It is about a quarter of an hour by car. We zijn naar de vergadering geweest. Het duurde erg lang en het was erg saai. We went to the meeting. It lasted for ages and it was very boring. 8.1.2.4 ‘It’ as an object pronoun (a) When an object pronoun ‘it’ refers to a common gender noun, hem is used in Dutch, not het: Ik heb een antieke kast gekocht. Wil je hem zien? I’ve bought an antique cupboard. Would you like to see it? Ik had een tafel voor mijn moeder gekocht maar ze wilde hem niet hebben. I bought a table for my mother but she didn’t want it. (b) Those speakers for whom certain non-personal nouns are still regarded as feminine (see 8.1.2.3 (b) above) may use ze as an object pronoun instead of hem (but never haar/d’r which can only be used with reference to people): Wat heb je met je oude tafel gedaan? Ik heb ze verkocht. (Southern Dutch) What have you done with your old table? I’ve sold it. (c) On occasions one will hear het as an object pronoun where one would expect hem. As in 8.1.2.3 (d) above, the reference here is to an action or state rather than to the common gender noun in the previous sentence: Wat een rare lucht! Nou, ik vind het lekker. (i.e. Ik vind het lekker ruiken.) What a strange smell. Well, I like it.
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1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 Content
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1 Pronunciation 2 being confused wh
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1 Pronunciation 4 the more common t
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1 Pronunciation 6 their zachte gee,
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8 Chapter 2 Spelling Spelling As wi
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2 Spelling 10 August 1996, dictated
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2 Spelling 12 doet het, hè? ‘You
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2 Spelling 14 7.2.1.4. In the follo
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2 Spelling 16 Under the spelling ru
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2 Spelling 18 2.9 The alphabet The
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20 Generally speaking Dutch punctua
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3 Punctuation 22 The following subt
Page 39 and 40: 4 Cases 24 blootshoofds bare-headed
Page 41 and 42: 5 Articles 26 (b) It is commonly om
Page 43 and 44: 5 Articles 28 Hij is de nieuwe Comm
Page 45 and 46: 5 Articles 30 (d) It is always used
Page 47 and 48: 32 Chapter 6 Demonstratives Aanwijz
Page 49 and 50: 34 Chapter 7 Nouns Zelfstandige naa
Page 51 and 52: 7 Nouns 36 7.1.1.9 Words ending in
Page 53 and 54: 7 Nouns 38 7.1.2 7.1.2.1 Neuter nou
Page 55 and 56: 7 Nouns 40 7.1.2.11 Adjectives endi
Page 57 and 58: 7 Nouns 42 7.1.4 Nouns with two gen
Page 59 and 60: 7 Nouns 44 formation is always to a
Page 61 and 62: 7 Nouns 46 7.2.1.6 Foreign (usually
Page 63 and 64: 7 Nouns Exceptions: nouns of Greek
Page 65 and 66: 7 Nouns 50 7.2.2.3 There is a small
Page 67 and 68: 7 Nouns 52 ei egg eieren gelid join
Page 69 and 70: 7 Nouns The Netherlands Nederland t
Page 71 and 72: 7 Nouns 56 7.3.6 -ster (a) Nouns de
Page 73 and 74: 7 Nouns 58 7.5.1.2 -tje (a) Words c
Page 75 and 76: 7 Nouns 60 7.5.1.5 -kje Nouns endin
Page 77 and 78: 7 Nouns 62 scheermes razor scheerme
Page 79 and 80: 7 Nouns 64 7.5.3.1 Adverbs are the
Page 81 and 82: 66 Chapter 8 Pronouns Voornaamworde
Page 83 and 84: 8 Pronouns 68 (b) The unemphatic fo
Page 85 and 86: 8 Pronouns 70 8.1.2 8.1.2.1 Remarks
Page 87 and 88: 8 Pronouns 72 distinguish singular
Page 89: 8 Pronouns 74 Doe de deur dicht! Ne
Page 93 and 94: 8 Pronouns 78 Ik weet het wel. Ik w
Page 95 and 96: 8 Pronouns 80 She gave him the book
Page 97 and 98: 8 Pronouns Masculine antecedents us
Page 99 and 100: 8 Pronouns 84 8.4 8.4.1 Demonstrati
Page 101 and 102: 8 Pronouns 86 8.5 8.5.1 Relative pr
Page 103 and 104: 8 Pronouns 88 In this case the prep
Page 105 and 106: 8 Pronouns 90 8.5.6 ‘Whose’ 1 2
Page 107 and 108: 8 Pronouns 92 8.5.8 Independent rel
Page 109 and 110: 8 Pronouns 94 Alle bomen die in dit
Page 111 and 112: 8 Pronouns 96 Dit is een ‘must’
Page 113 and 114: 8 Pronouns 98 sommige(n) some ander
Page 115 and 116: 8 Pronouns 100 Ik heb ze allebei in
Page 117 and 118: 8 Pronouns 102 8.6.9 Pronominal use
Page 119 and 120: 8 Pronouns 104 When waar and its pr
Page 121 and 122: 106 Chapter 9 Adjectives Bijvoeglij
Page 123 and 124: 9 Adjectives 108 zaakgelastigde ‘
Page 125 and 126: 9 Adjectives 110 2.8), Parijs - Par
Page 127 and 128: 9 Adjectives 112 9.2.2 Inflection o
Page 129 and 130: 9 Adjectives 114 (am)’. It is tha
Page 131 and 132: 9 Adjectives 116 Here hoogst and ui
Page 133 and 134: 9 Adjectives 118 Note that Dutch vo
Page 135 and 136: 9 Adjectives 120 * getrouwd met mar
Page 137 and 138: 9 Adjectives 122 * verwonderd over
Page 139 and 140: 9 Adjectives 124 ‘greenish’. Th
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9 Adjectives 126 -vormig correspond
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9 Adjectives 128 haarscherp very sh
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9 Adjectives Licht- and donker- pre
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9 Adjectives 132 there is also the
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10 Adverbs 134 are basically as for
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10 Adverbs 10.1.2.2 Minder/minst
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10 Adverbs 138 Hartstikke, although
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10 Adverbs 140 The only exceptions
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10 Adverbs 142 A stylistic variant
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10 Adverbs 144 Sunday week zondag o
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10 Adverbs 146 10.3.13 Now now nu (
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10 Adverbs 148 all week (long) de (
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10 Adverbs 150 not yet nog niet sti
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10 Adverbs 152 10.3.21.4 ‘Before
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10 Adverbs 154 10.3.21.11 ‘Then
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10 Adverbs 156 hiervandaan, van hie
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10 Adverbs 158 10.4.1 Indefinite ad
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10 Adverbs 160 10.7 10.7.1 Formatio
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10 Adverbs 162 10.7.7 -waarts Compa
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10 Adverbs 164 Ik ben even gaan kij
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10 Adverbs 166 Je kent onze pastoor
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10 Adverbs 168 Hoor is very frequen
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11 Verbs 170 stole), hij heeft gest
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11 Verbs 172 hij gelooft hij reist
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11 Verbs 174 Those stems that end i
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11 Verbs 176 One should learn both
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11 Verbs 178 Examples: beloven ‘t
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11 Verbs 180 Purists have a prefere
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11 Verbs 182 Zij zullen het mij heb
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11 Verbs 184 Although it is not com
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11 Verbs 186 Onze hond is net doodg
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11 Verbs 188 11.2.4 11.2.4.1 Pluper
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11 Verbs 190 Als hij vroeger harder
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11 Verbs 192 dragen VI drijven I dr
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11 Verbs 194 verdelgen III verdriet
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11 Verbs 196 kijken keek keken geke
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11 Verbs 198 zuipen zoop zopen gezo
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11 Verbs 200 verzwelgen verzwolg ve
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11 Verbs 202 archaic: vraagde vraag
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11 Verbs 204 Jagen and waaien also
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11 Verbs 206 11.4.3 Jagen ‘to hun
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11 Verbs 208 Imperfect tense ik had
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11 Verbs There is an adjective form
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11 Verbs 212 It is impossible to gi
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11 Verbs 214 stikken to suffocate s
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11 Verbs 216 lopen ‘to run’ Hij
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11 Verbs 218 verliezen ‘to lose
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11 Verbs 220 11.8.1 11.8.1.1 Presen
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11 Verbs 222 11.8.2 Perfect tenses
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11 Verbs 224 11.8.3.1.4 mogen There
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11 Verbs 226 Dat kan wel waar zijn
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11 Verbs 228 (c) In formal style th
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11 Verbs 230 Note also the idiom Ho
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11 Verbs 232 11.9.2.2 It is never u
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11 Verbs 234 Zij hoorde mij komen.
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11 Verbs 236 11.9.3 Use of om . . .
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11 Verbs 238 11.10 11.10.1 The impe
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11 Verbs 240 11.10.4 Occasionally t
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11 Verbs 242 11.12 11.12.1 The pass
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11 Verbs 244 This double participle
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11 Verbs 246 Dat had gedaan moeten
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11 Verbs 248 11.13 Progressive or c
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11 Verbs 250 11.15.1 Many adjective
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11 Verbs 252 Although there is the
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11 Verbs 254 When writing such an o
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11 Verbs 256 Going out is very expe
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11 Verbs 258 There are basically tw
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11 Verbs 260 zich uitsloven to go t
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11 Verbs 262 zich vervelen* to be b
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11 Verbs 264 Ik heb geen geld bij m
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11 Verbs 266 laten zinken (tr.) Ik
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11 Verbs 268 betreffen to concern W
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11 Verbs 270 2 Nominal prefixes for
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11 Verbs 272 The above is potential
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11 Verbs 274 meaning. This process
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11 Verbs 276 11.20.2.1.4 The prefix
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11 Verbs 278 11.21 Verbs followed b
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11 Verbs 280 bij aankomen to arrive
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11 Verbs 282 om smaken to taste of
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11 Verbs 284 lijken to look like le
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11 Verbs 286 tot (see 11.21.1) uit
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11 Verbs 288 gelden to count for, b
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290 Chapter 12 Conjunctions Voegwoo
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12 Conjunctions 292 12.1.1.3 In the
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12 Conjunctions 294 Onze kennissen
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12 Conjunctions 296 sinds since (te
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12 Conjunctions 298 It is, for exam
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12 Conjunctions 300 It is also used
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12 Conjunctions 302 The adverbial c
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12 Conjunctions 304 12.2.1.10 Naar
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12 Conjunctions 306 12.4 Correlativ
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12 Conjunctions 308 12.4.2 Adverbia
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12 Conjunctions 310 om 1 in order t
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12 Conjunctions 312 but only or Hij
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12 Conjunctions 314 welk(e) . .. oo
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13 Prepositions 316 geen ster aan d
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13 Prepositions 318 behalve ‘exce
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13 Prepositions 320 binnen ‘withi
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13 Prepositions 322 Hij zit (in) ee
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13 Prepositions 324 naar Parijs ver
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13 Prepositions 326 Onder het lezen
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13 Prepositions 328 Als kind heb ik
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13 Prepositions 330 sinds ‘since,
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13 Prepositions 332 tussen 3 en 4 u
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13 Prepositions 334 Ik heb het via
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13 Prepositions 336 aan deze/die ka
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13 Prepositions 338 Hij is het land
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13 Prepositions 340 Hij is op winst
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13 Prepositions 342 Note also: een
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14 Numerals 344 10 tien 28 achtentw
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14 Numerals 346 14.1.1.2 The Dutch
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14 Numerals 348 14.1.2.2 Honderd, d
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14 Numerals 350 14.2 Ordinal number
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14 Numerals 352 14.2.1.5 Foreign ki
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14 Numerals 354 2/3 twee derde 15 (
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14 Numerals 356 een man van achter
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14 Numerals 358 Het is vijf over ee
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14 Numerals 360 ‘a few’ and hoe
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14 Numerals 362 in vijf jaar tijd i
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14 Numerals 364 14.11.2 Square and
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366 Chapter 15 Er Er, which literal
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15 Er 368 Hij heeft er genoeg. He h
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15 Er 370 Hij verdenkt er zijn vrie
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15 Er 372 15.5.2 When a clause begi
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374 Chapter 16 Negation Ontkenning
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16 Negation 376 Hij is niet mijn va
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16 Negation 378 Hij geeft geen geld
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16 Negation 380 16.1.4.6 ‘Not . .
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16 Negation 382 16.1.4.13 Nietwaar?
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Appendix 1 Letter writing and email
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390 Appendix 2 Proper nouns Eigenna
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 392 Country
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 400 Provinc
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns Berlin Berl
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 404 Lorrain
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 406 3 Histo
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Appendix 3 Common Dutch abbreviatio
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416 Glossary of grammatical terms A
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Glossary of grammatical terms 418 C
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Glossary of grammatical terms 420 e
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Glossary of grammatical terms 422 I
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Glossary of grammatical terms 424 P
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Glossary of grammatical terms 426 i
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428 Index The numbers given are par
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Index 430 daar- + preposition 8.4.3
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Index 432 hun object pronoun 8.1, 8
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Index 434 preposition 13 after verb
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Index 436 punctuation 3 comma 3.1 r
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Index 438 verschillende indefinite
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