Grammatica - loco
Grammatica - loco Grammatica - loco
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 All other nouns are better used with a van construction: de auto van mijn oom ‘my uncle’s car’, de hoofdstad van Duitsland ‘Germany’s capital city/the capital city of Germany’ Note: Een vriend van mijn broer ‘a friend of my brother’. The above is a safe guide to correct spoken and written forms, but in practice the s forms are often heard in instances not recommended here. The apostrophe is only used to denote possession when the proper noun ends in a vowel, s or z: Otto’s boek, Rubens’ schilderijen, Liz’ fiets Colloquially one will often hear Hans z’n vriend, mijn oom z’n auto, Anneke d’r vriend, de buren d’r/hun hond (see 8.2.2). Note: The official names of phenomena derived from people’s names as in the following examples employ a van construction rather than using a genitive s as is the case in English: de komeet van Halley ‘Halley’s comet’, de wet van Grimm ‘Grimm’s law’, de ziekte van Parkinson ‘Parkinson’s disease’. 7.5 Diminutives Verkleinwoorden The diminutive is used extensively in Dutch with various connotations of meaning. The mechanics of diminutizing a noun are dealt with here first and then the semantic implications of the diminutive. The various ways of forming the diminutive are generally speaking a question of phonetics, i.e. assimilation of the ending to the sound at the end of the root noun. 7.5.1 7.5.1.1 Formation -je The basic form is the addition of -je to the end of the noun: aap – aapje huis – huisje boek – boekje oog – oogje fornuis – fornuisje24 pet – petje hand – handje zak – zakje Note: The diminutive of de sms ‘text message’ is het sms’je. 24 Sj is pronounced [ʃ] i.e. like English ‘sh’. Diminutives 57
7 Nouns 58 7.5.1.2 -tje (a) Words containing a long vowel or diphthong, either final or followed by l, n or r, add -tje to the noun: ei – eitje stoel – stoeltje ui – uitje schoen – schoentje vrouw – vrouwtje deur – deurtje Note: The diminutive of nouns ending in -i is written -ietje, e.g. de taxi – het taxietje, whereas that of nouns ending in -y is written -’tje, e.g. de baby – het baby’tje. (b) Words ending in -el, -en and -er also take -tje: tafel – tafeltje kamer – kamertje deken – dekentje jongen – jongetje 7.5.1.3 -etje (a) Words containing a short vowel and ending in l, r, m, n and ng (but not -ing, see 7.5.1.5), add -etje: bel – belletje kar – karretje bloem – bloemetje25 kin – kinnetje ding – dingetje pan – pannetje kam – kammetje ster – sterretje Note: The diminutive of de gsm ‘cell/mobile phone’ is het gsm’etje. (b) A few nouns containing a short vowel ending in b, g and p add -etje (but most will be found in the first group): big – biggetje rib – ribbetje kin – kinnetje slab – slabbetje krab – krabbetje vlag – vlaggetje Some nouns with these characteristics have two diminutive forms, one as described in the first group (7.5.1.1) and one as described here: 25 A ‘little flower’ is either bloemetje or bloempje but the former can also mean ‘a bunch of flowers’, e.g. Ik heb een bloemetje voor haar meegenomen ‘I took along a bunch of flowers for her’.
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7<br />
Nouns<br />
58<br />
7.5.1.2<br />
-tje<br />
(a) Words containing a long vowel or diphthong, either final or followed<br />
by l, n or r, add -tje to the noun:<br />
ei – eitje stoel – stoeltje<br />
ui – uitje schoen – schoentje<br />
vrouw – vrouwtje deur – deurtje<br />
Note: The diminutive of nouns ending in -i is written -ietje, e.g. de<br />
taxi – het taxietje, whereas that of nouns ending in -y is written<br />
-’tje, e.g. de baby – het baby’tje.<br />
(b) Words ending in -el, -en and -er also take -tje:<br />
tafel – tafeltje kamer – kamertje<br />
deken – dekentje jongen – jongetje<br />
7.5.1.3<br />
-etje<br />
(a) Words containing a short vowel and ending in l, r, m, n and ng (but<br />
not -ing, see 7.5.1.5), add -etje:<br />
bel – belletje kar – karretje<br />
bloem – bloemetje25 kin – kinnetje<br />
ding – dingetje pan – pannetje<br />
kam – kammetje ster – sterretje<br />
Note: The diminutive of de gsm ‘cell/mobile phone’ is het gsm’etje.<br />
(b) A few nouns containing a short vowel ending in b, g and p add<br />
-etje (but most will be found in the first group):<br />
big – biggetje rib – ribbetje<br />
kin – kinnetje slab – slabbetje<br />
krab – krabbetje vlag – vlaggetje<br />
Some nouns with these characteristics have two diminutive forms, one<br />
as described in the first group (7.5.1.1) and one as described here:<br />
25 A ‘little flower’ is either bloemetje or bloempje but the former can also mean ‘a<br />
bunch of flowers’, e.g. Ik heb een bloemetje voor haar meegenomen ‘I took along a<br />
bunch of flowers for her’.
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