Grammatica - loco

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1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 letters letters (of the alphabet) waters waters middelen means wortelen carrots middels waists wortels roots, carrots Note: The -el, -en and -er in words like wiel ‘wheel’, schoen ‘shoe’ and mier ‘ant’ are not formal endings, but are part of the root of the word, and thus they take -en in the plural, not -s. Model, being a loanword from French, has a stressed -el ending and its plural is thus modellen. 7.2.1.2 Nouns ending in -aard and -erd and designating masculine beings grijsaards ‘old men’, luiaards ‘sloths’, sufferds ‘idiots’ Exception: Spanjaarden ‘Spaniards’ 7.2.1.3 All diminutives ending in -je deurtjes ‘doors’, huisjes ‘houses’, koekjes ‘biscuits’ Note: kind ‘child/kiddie’ but kindertjes ‘kiddies’ and kleertjes ‘clothes’ (both derived from the plural of the non-diminutive forms, i.e. kinderen and kleren). 7.2.1.4 Nouns ending in -a, -i, -o, -u and -y (all are of foreign origin) firma’s ‘firms’, taxi’s ‘taxis’, auto’s ‘cars’, paraplu’s ‘umbrellas’, hobby’s ‘hobbies’ The apostrophe is inserted because auto’s, for example, would otherwise be pronounced with a short o; a long o sound can be preserved in a closed syllable only by doubling the letter, but the Dutch would find the spelling autoos strange and thus replace the second o with an apostrophe. Thus an apostrophe is not necessary in cadeaus, cafés and Hindoes, for example, as no letter has been omitted, but it is used in words ending in y and i (e.g. baby’s, ski’s), although strictly speaking no letter has been omitted. 7.2.1.5 Many foreign (usually French) words ending in unstressed -e actrices ‘actresses’, dames ‘ladies’, garages ‘garages’, secretaresses ‘secretaries’, studentes ‘female students’ For Dutch words ending in -e see 7.2.2.7. Plural of nouns 45
7 Nouns 46 7.2.1.6 Foreign (usually French) words ending in unstressed -ie families ‘families’, petities ‘petitions’, provincies ‘provinces’, studies ‘studies’ In higher style some words in this group may be found with -en, e.g. de Zeven Provinciën ‘The Seven Provinces’ (name of The Netherlands in the 16th century), Studiën in volkscultuur ‘Studies in popular culture’ (name of a book). 7.2.1.7 Many loanwords (usually of English or French origin) that are still regarded as foreign words clubs ‘clubs’, films ‘films’, perrons ‘platforms’, restaurants ‘restaurants’, tanks ‘tanks’, telefoons ‘telephones’, trottoirs ‘footpaths’ Nouns of French origin ending in -eur and -trice belong here too: auteurs ‘authors’, automonteurs ‘mechanics’, ingenieurs ‘engineers’, kapiteins ‘captains’, actrices ‘actresses’, directrices ‘female directors’ Exception: directeuren (also with -s) 7.2.1.8 Words ending in -ier and -oor take -s when referring to people and -en when referring to things kruideniers ‘grocers’, winkeliers ‘shop-keepers’, portiers ‘doormen’, pastoors ‘(R.C.) priests’ formulieren ‘forms’, scharnieren ‘hinges’, portieren ‘doors’, kantoren ‘offices’ Exceptions: officieren ‘officers’, scholieren ‘school-children’ 7.2.1.9 A few native Dutch words denoting male beings broers ‘brothers’, bruidegoms ‘bridegrooms’, knechts ‘manservants’ (also -en), koks ‘cooks’, maats ‘mates’, ooms ‘uncles’, zoons ‘sons’ Note: Zoons also has a plural zonen which is often found in names of firms, e.g. Van Goor en Zonen.
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1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 Content
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Page 17 and 18: 1 Pronunciation 2 being confused wh
Page 19 and 20: 1 Pronunciation 4 the more common t
Page 21 and 22: 1 Pronunciation 6 their zachte gee,
Page 23 and 24: 8 Chapter 2 Spelling Spelling As wi
Page 25 and 26: 2 Spelling 10 August 1996, dictated
Page 27 and 28: 2 Spelling 12 doet het, hè? ‘You
Page 29 and 30: 2 Spelling 14 7.2.1.4. In the follo
Page 31 and 32: 2 Spelling 16 Under the spelling ru
Page 33 and 34: 2 Spelling 18 2.9 The alphabet The
Page 35 and 36: 20 Generally speaking Dutch punctua
Page 37 and 38: 3 Punctuation 22 The following subt
Page 39 and 40: 4 Cases 24 blootshoofds bare-headed
Page 41 and 42: 5 Articles 26 (b) It is commonly om
Page 43 and 44: 5 Articles 28 Hij is de nieuwe Comm
Page 45 and 46: 5 Articles 30 (d) It is always used
Page 47 and 48: 32 Chapter 6 Demonstratives Aanwijz
Page 49 and 50: 34 Chapter 7 Nouns Zelfstandige naa
Page 51 and 52: 7 Nouns 36 7.1.1.9 Words ending in
Page 53 and 54: 7 Nouns 38 7.1.2 7.1.2.1 Neuter nou
Page 55 and 56: 7 Nouns 40 7.1.2.11 Adjectives endi
Page 57 and 58: 7 Nouns 42 7.1.4 Nouns with two gen
Page 59: 7 Nouns 44 formation is always to a
Page 63 and 64: 7 Nouns Exceptions: nouns of Greek
Page 65 and 66: 7 Nouns 50 7.2.2.3 There is a small
Page 67 and 68: 7 Nouns 52 ei egg eieren gelid join
Page 69 and 70: 7 Nouns The Netherlands Nederland t
Page 71 and 72: 7 Nouns 56 7.3.6 -ster (a) Nouns de
Page 73 and 74: 7 Nouns 58 7.5.1.2 -tje (a) Words c
Page 75 and 76: 7 Nouns 60 7.5.1.5 -kje Nouns endin
Page 77 and 78: 7 Nouns 62 scheermes razor scheerme
Page 79 and 80: 7 Nouns 64 7.5.3.1 Adverbs are the
Page 81 and 82: 66 Chapter 8 Pronouns Voornaamworde
Page 83 and 84: 8 Pronouns 68 (b) The unemphatic fo
Page 85 and 86: 8 Pronouns 70 8.1.2 8.1.2.1 Remarks
Page 87 and 88: 8 Pronouns 72 distinguish singular
Page 89 and 90: 8 Pronouns 74 Doe de deur dicht! Ne
Page 91 and 92: 8 Pronouns 76 Je moet de oostkust b
Page 93 and 94: 8 Pronouns 78 Ik weet het wel. Ik w
Page 95 and 96: 8 Pronouns 80 She gave him the book
Page 97 and 98: 8 Pronouns Masculine antecedents us
Page 99 and 100: 8 Pronouns 84 8.4 8.4.1 Demonstrati
Page 101 and 102: 8 Pronouns 86 8.5 8.5.1 Relative pr
Page 103 and 104: 8 Pronouns 88 In this case the prep
Page 105 and 106: 8 Pronouns 90 8.5.6 ‘Whose’ 1 2
Page 107 and 108: 8 Pronouns 92 8.5.8 Independent rel
Page 109 and 110: 8 Pronouns 94 Alle bomen die in dit
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8 Pronouns 96 Dit is een ‘must’
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8 Pronouns 98 sommige(n) some ander
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8 Pronouns 100 Ik heb ze allebei in
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8 Pronouns 102 8.6.9 Pronominal use
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8 Pronouns 104 When waar and its pr
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106 Chapter 9 Adjectives Bijvoeglij
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9 Adjectives 108 zaakgelastigde ‘
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9 Adjectives 110 2.8), Parijs - Par
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9 Adjectives 112 9.2.2 Inflection o
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9 Adjectives 114 (am)’. It is tha
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9 Adjectives 116 Here hoogst and ui
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9 Adjectives 118 Note that Dutch vo
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9 Adjectives 120 * getrouwd met mar
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9 Adjectives 122 * verwonderd over
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9 Adjectives 124 ‘greenish’. Th
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9 Adjectives 126 -vormig correspond
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9 Adjectives 128 haarscherp very sh
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9 Adjectives Licht- and donker- pre
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9 Adjectives 132 there is also the
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10 Adverbs 134 are basically as for
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10 Adverbs 10.1.2.2 Minder/minst
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10 Adverbs 138 Hartstikke, although
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10 Adverbs 140 The only exceptions
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10 Adverbs 142 A stylistic variant
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10 Adverbs 144 Sunday week zondag o
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10 Adverbs 146 10.3.13 Now now nu (
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10 Adverbs 148 all week (long) de (
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10 Adverbs 150 not yet nog niet sti
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10 Adverbs 152 10.3.21.4 ‘Before
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10 Adverbs 154 10.3.21.11 ‘Then
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10 Adverbs 156 hiervandaan, van hie
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10 Adverbs 158 10.4.1 Indefinite ad
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10 Adverbs 160 10.7 10.7.1 Formatio
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10 Adverbs 162 10.7.7 -waarts Compa
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10 Adverbs 164 Ik ben even gaan kij
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10 Adverbs 166 Je kent onze pastoor
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10 Adverbs 168 Hoor is very frequen
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11 Verbs 170 stole), hij heeft gest
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11 Verbs 172 hij gelooft hij reist
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11 Verbs 174 Those stems that end i
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11 Verbs 176 One should learn both
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11 Verbs 178 Examples: beloven ‘t
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11 Verbs 180 Purists have a prefere
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11 Verbs 182 Zij zullen het mij heb
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11 Verbs 184 Although it is not com
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11 Verbs 186 Onze hond is net doodg
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11 Verbs 188 11.2.4 11.2.4.1 Pluper
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11 Verbs 190 Als hij vroeger harder
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11 Verbs 192 dragen VI drijven I dr
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11 Verbs 194 verdelgen III verdriet
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11 Verbs 196 kijken keek keken geke
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11 Verbs 198 zuipen zoop zopen gezo
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11 Verbs 200 verzwelgen verzwolg ve
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11 Verbs 202 archaic: vraagde vraag
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11 Verbs 204 Jagen and waaien also
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11 Verbs 206 11.4.3 Jagen ‘to hun
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11 Verbs 208 Imperfect tense ik had
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11 Verbs There is an adjective form
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11 Verbs 212 It is impossible to gi
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11 Verbs 214 stikken to suffocate s
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11 Verbs 216 lopen ‘to run’ Hij
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11 Verbs 218 verliezen ‘to lose
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11 Verbs 220 11.8.1 11.8.1.1 Presen
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11 Verbs 222 11.8.2 Perfect tenses
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11 Verbs 224 11.8.3.1.4 mogen There
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11 Verbs 226 Dat kan wel waar zijn
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11 Verbs 228 (c) In formal style th
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11 Verbs 230 Note also the idiom Ho
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11 Verbs 232 11.9.2.2 It is never u
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11 Verbs 234 Zij hoorde mij komen.
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11 Verbs 236 11.9.3 Use of om . . .
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11 Verbs 238 11.10 11.10.1 The impe
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11 Verbs 240 11.10.4 Occasionally t
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11 Verbs 242 11.12 11.12.1 The pass
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11 Verbs 244 This double participle
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11 Verbs 246 Dat had gedaan moeten
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11 Verbs 248 11.13 Progressive or c
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11 Verbs 250 11.15.1 Many adjective
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11 Verbs 252 Although there is the
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11 Verbs 254 When writing such an o
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11 Verbs 256 Going out is very expe
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11 Verbs 258 There are basically tw
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11 Verbs 260 zich uitsloven to go t
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11 Verbs 262 zich vervelen* to be b
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11 Verbs 264 Ik heb geen geld bij m
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11 Verbs 266 laten zinken (tr.) Ik
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11 Verbs 268 betreffen to concern W
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11 Verbs 270 2 Nominal prefixes for
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11 Verbs 272 The above is potential
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11 Verbs 274 meaning. This process
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11 Verbs 276 11.20.2.1.4 The prefix
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11 Verbs 278 11.21 Verbs followed b
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11 Verbs 280 bij aankomen to arrive
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11 Verbs 282 om smaken to taste of
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11 Verbs 284 lijken to look like le
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11 Verbs 286 tot (see 11.21.1) uit
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11 Verbs 288 gelden to count for, b
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290 Chapter 12 Conjunctions Voegwoo
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12 Conjunctions 292 12.1.1.3 In the
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12 Conjunctions 294 Onze kennissen
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12 Conjunctions 296 sinds since (te
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12 Conjunctions 298 It is, for exam
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12 Conjunctions 300 It is also used
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12 Conjunctions 302 The adverbial c
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12 Conjunctions 304 12.2.1.10 Naar
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12 Conjunctions 306 12.4 Correlativ
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12 Conjunctions 308 12.4.2 Adverbia
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12 Conjunctions 310 om 1 in order t
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12 Conjunctions 312 but only or Hij
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12 Conjunctions 314 welk(e) . .. oo
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13 Prepositions 316 geen ster aan d
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13 Prepositions 318 behalve ‘exce
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13 Prepositions 320 binnen ‘withi
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13 Prepositions 322 Hij zit (in) ee
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13 Prepositions 324 naar Parijs ver
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13 Prepositions 326 Onder het lezen
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13 Prepositions 328 Als kind heb ik
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13 Prepositions 330 sinds ‘since,
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13 Prepositions 332 tussen 3 en 4 u
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13 Prepositions 334 Ik heb het via
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13 Prepositions 336 aan deze/die ka
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13 Prepositions 338 Hij is het land
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13 Prepositions 340 Hij is op winst
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13 Prepositions 342 Note also: een
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14 Numerals 344 10 tien 28 achtentw
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14 Numerals 346 14.1.1.2 The Dutch
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14 Numerals 348 14.1.2.2 Honderd, d
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14 Numerals 350 14.2 Ordinal number
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14 Numerals 352 14.2.1.5 Foreign ki
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14 Numerals 354 2/3 twee derde 15 (
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14 Numerals 356 een man van achter
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14 Numerals 358 Het is vijf over ee
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14 Numerals 360 ‘a few’ and hoe
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14 Numerals 362 in vijf jaar tijd i
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14 Numerals 364 14.11.2 Square and
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366 Chapter 15 Er Er, which literal
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15 Er 368 Hij heeft er genoeg. He h
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15 Er 370 Hij verdenkt er zijn vrie
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15 Er 372 15.5.2 When a clause begi
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374 Chapter 16 Negation Ontkenning
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16 Negation 376 Hij is niet mijn va
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16 Negation 378 Hij geeft geen geld
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16 Negation 380 16.1.4.6 ‘Not . .
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16 Negation 382 16.1.4.13 Nietwaar?
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Appendix 1 Letter writing and email
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390 Appendix 2 Proper nouns Eigenna
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 392 Country
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 400 Provinc
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns Berlin Berl
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 404 Lorrain
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Appendix 2 Proper nouns 406 3 Histo
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Appendix 3 Common Dutch abbreviatio
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416 Glossary of grammatical terms A
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Glossary of grammatical terms 418 C
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Glossary of grammatical terms 420 e
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Glossary of grammatical terms 422 I
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Glossary of grammatical terms 424 P
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Glossary of grammatical terms 426 i
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428 Index The numbers given are par
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Index 430 daar- + preposition 8.4.3
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Index 432 hun object pronoun 8.1, 8
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Index 434 preposition 13 after verb
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Index 436 punctuation 3 comma 3.1 r
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Index 438 verschillende indefinite
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Grammatica - loco

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