Grammatica - loco

1111
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
1
12111
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
41111
letters letters (of the alphabet) waters waters
middelen means wortelen carrots
middels waists wortels roots, carrots
Note: The -el, -en and -er in words like wiel ‘wheel’, schoen ‘shoe’ and
mier ‘ant’ are not formal endings, but are part of the root of the word,
and thus they take -en in the plural, not -s. Model, being a loanword
from French, has a stressed -el ending and its plural is thus modellen.
7.2.1.2
Nouns ending in -aard and -erd and designating masculine beings
grijsaards ‘old men’, luiaards ‘sloths’, sufferds ‘idiots’
Exception: Spanjaarden ‘Spaniards’
7.2.1.3
All diminutives ending in -je
deurtjes ‘doors’, huisjes ‘houses’, koekjes ‘biscuits’
Note: kind ‘child/kiddie’ but kindertjes ‘kiddies’ and kleertjes ‘clothes’ (both
derived from the plural of the non-diminutive forms, i.e. kinderen and
kleren).
7.2.1.4
Nouns ending in -a, -i, -o, -u and -y (all are of foreign origin)
firma’s ‘firms’, taxi’s ‘taxis’, auto’s ‘cars’, paraplu’s ‘umbrellas’,
hobby’s ‘hobbies’
The apostrophe is inserted because auto’s, for example, would otherwise
be pronounced with a short o; a long o sound can be preserved in a closed
syllable only by doubling the letter, but the Dutch would find the spelling
autoos strange and thus replace the second o with an apostrophe. Thus
an apostrophe is not necessary in cadeaus, cafés and Hindoes, for example,
as no letter has been omitted, but it is used in words ending in y and i
(e.g. baby’s, ski’s), although strictly speaking no letter has been omitted.
7.2.1.5
Many foreign (usually French) words ending in unstressed -e
actrices ‘actresses’, dames ‘ladies’, garages ‘garages’,
secretaresses ‘secretaries’, studentes ‘female students’
For Dutch words ending in -e see 7.2.2.7.
Plural of
nouns
45